48. (Fig. 62.) CASCARILLA. Cascarilla Bark.

Fl. ex. 60. Tinct. 60.

Sweetwood bark, E. Kaskarillrinde, G. Cascarille, Chacrille, Ecorce éluthérienne, Fr.

The bark of Croton Eluteria Bennett, Euphorbiaceae.

Somewhat dull cinnamon brown.

Aromatic, recalling cinnamon; somewhat musk-like when burnt. Bitter, pungent.

Outer sclerenchymatous tissue with cells of unequally thickened walls; rather short, thick walled bast cells; bark parenchyma with prismatic and aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate, small oval simple starch granules and fat.

Adulterated with bark of allied species.

a. Parenchyma cells, longitudinal view, with crystals and starch. Two bast

cells enclosed.

c. Bast cell.

e. Outer sclerenchyma, vertical view.

f. Prismatic and aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate.

g. Parenchyma.

h. Outer sclerenchyma, lateral view.

49. (Fig. 63.) CASTANEA. Chestnut.

Fl. ex. 30.

Kastanienblätter, G. Fueilles de châtaigener, Fuilles de marronier,

Fr.

The leaves of Castanea dentata (C. sativa) Miller, Cupuliferæ. Bright green.

Faintly fragrant.

Astringent.

Vertical walls of epidermal cells somewhat wavy; stomata on lower surface only; stellate trichomes and some glandular trichomes; leaf parenchyma with aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate.

Ash 5 per cent.

Adulterated with other chestnut leaves and oak leaves.

50. (Fig. 64.) CAULOPHYLLUM. Blue Cohosh.

Fl. ex. 60.

Pappoose-root, Squaw-root, Blueberry-root, E.

The rhizomes and roots of Caulophyllum thalictroides Mich., Berberidaceae.

Rather light brown.

Nearly odorless.

Sweetish, bitter, pungent.

Rather large thin walled parenchyma with small simple spherical starch granules; some cork tissue; larger and smaller porous ducts; and tracheids.

51. CERTRARIA. Certraria.

Entire.

Iceland moss, Lungwort, E. Isländisches Moos, Isländische Flechte,
Lungenmoos, G. Lichen (Mousse) d'Islande, Fr.

The entire plant, Cetraria islandica Ach., Lichenes.
Brownish when dry; bluish green when moist.

Practically odorless; faintly musty.

Slightly bitter and mucilaginous.

The fungal portion consists of a pseudo-parenchyma and hyphal network. The alga (gonidia) are single-celled, spherical, green. Apothecia and spores are rare.

Ash 7 per cent.

Adulterated with various impurities as pine leaves, mosses and grass leaves. Other species of foliose lichens may be substituted.