Fig. 74. CINNAMON. Ceylon.

a. Sclerenchyma cells with unequally thickened walls.

b. Bast cells.

c. Parenchyma cells with starch.

d. Typical thick-walled parenchyma.

e. Parenchyma, longitudinal view, with starch and crystals.

f. Resin and oil cell.

g. Outer cork cells, sparingly present.

64. (Fig. 75.) CINNAMOMUM. Saigon cinnamon. U. S. Coarse powder. Tinct. 40.

Zimmt. G. Canelle, Fr.

The bark of Cinnamomum Saigonicum, Lauraceae.

Rather dark cinnamon brown.

Fragrant, very aromatic.

Sweet, very pungent, astringent.

Histology much like that of Cassia; bast cells somewhat larger. Starch and sclerenchyma cells much as in Cassia cinnamon. Numerous small epidermal cells with thickened walls. Resin cells and crystals as in the other cinnamons.

Ash 5 per cent.

Adulterations as for Cassia cinnamon. There are several commercial varieties of cinnamon which are botanically related to the saigon variety and they constitute the better grades of commercial cinnamons. The very best grades used by the Chinese in their medical practices do not reach the general market because of the high price placed upon them, which is from $15.00 to $75.00 per pound, and even more. The Chinese quality test is based upon the thickness of the oil bearing layer of the bark.

f. Parenchyma, longitudinal view with crystal bearing cell (g) resin cell (h) and starch.

65. (Fig. 76.) COCA. Coca.

Fl. ex. 50.

Cocablätter, G. Feuilles de coca, Fr.

The leaves of Erythroxylon Coca Lam., Lineæ.
Brownish green to bright green.

Somewhat fragrant, tea-like.

Astringent, slightly bitter and benumbing.

Vertical walls of epidermal cells straight; stomata on lower surface only; outer walls of lower epidermal cells papillose excepting those of the neighboring cells of the stomata; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; no trichomes.

The above description refers to the powder of Bolivian coca. The Peruvian (Truxillo) coca and Brazilian coca are closely similar histologically; the papillose projections of the lower epidermal cells of the Brazillian variety are very distinct and nearly globose.

66. COCCULUS. Fishberry.

Kokkelskörner, Fischkörner, G. Coque du Levant, Fr.
The fruits of Anamirta paniculata Colebrooke, Menispermaceæ.
Brown.

Heavy, narcotic; becoming very fishy and rancid with age.
Very bitter.

Flattened epidermal cells; parenchyma cells with brown contents. Numerous sclerenchymatous, thick walled, porous wood fibers. Endosperm cells thin walled, filled with proteid granules and oil. Acicular and prismatic crystals and crystal aggregates.

Ash 5 per cent.

Rarely adulterated. The endosperm tissue may become rancid.