72. CORIANDER. Coriander. U. S.

Koriander, G. Coriandre, Fr.

Fl. ex. 30.

The fruit of Coriandrum sativum L., Umbelliferæ.
Light brown.

Peculiarly aromatic; recalling carum.

Pungent.

Some yellowish thin-walled parenchyma; numerous groups of thick walled, porous, elongated bast-like cells. Endosperm of rather small cells; walls medium in thickness, filled with oil and proteid granules. Aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate. No sclerenchyma.

Ash 7 per cent.

Adulterated with stem and leaf fragments. Frequently of inferior

quality.

73. (Fig. 82.) CORNUS. Cornus.

Fl. ex. 60.

Dogwood bark, E. Grossblüthige Kornelrinde, Hornbaumrinde, G. Ecorce de carnouiller à grandes fleurs, Fr.

The root bark of Cornus florida L., Cornaceæ.

Bright pinkish brown.

Odorless.

Bitter, astringent.

Rather large porous and thick walled sclerenchyma alternating with smaller, less porous sclerenchyma containing a granular substance; parenchyma with prismatic and aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate.

a. Sclerenchyma, some with granular contents.

b. Parenchyma, with crystals.

c, d. Parenchyma, longitudinal view.

e. Prismatic and aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate.

74. (Fig. 83.) COTO. Coto Bark.

Fl. ex. 60.

Para bark, E. Cotorinde, G. Ecorce de Coto, Fr.

The bark of some botanically unknown South American tree, perhaps belonging to the Lauracea or Anacardiaceæ.

Rather deep cinnamon brown.

Aromatic, recalling cinnamon; camphoraceous.
Very pungent, somewhat bitter.

Very large elongated sclerenchyma cells; smaller, isodiametric sclerenchyma cells; cell walls of all sclerenchyma cells greatly thickened and porous, some of them containing a granular substance; parenchyma cells containing more or less spherical, granular reddish brown, oily bodies; numerous larger cells containing yellow resin; some starch granules, mostly simple.

Coto bark is less common than paracoto and the latter is quite generally substituted for coto. Various other barks are also substituted for coto. (See Paracoto). Both coto and paracoto barks appear to have completely disappeared from the market within recent years.

a. Large, long sclerenchyma cells.

b. Large rectangular sclerenchyma cells.

c. Sclerenchyma cells with granular contents.

d. Medium sized sclerenchyma cells.

e. Thin walled sclerenchyma.

f, g. Elongated sclerenchyma.

h. Sclerenchyma with lamellar markings.

i. Dark reddish brown granular resinous matter.

j. Yellow resin.

k. Parenchyma.
1. Starch granules.

75. (Fig. 84.) CROCUS. Saffron.

Powdered. Entire.

Spanish saffron, E. Safran, Spanischer Safran, G. Safran, Fr. The stigmas and upper parts of the styles of Crocus sativus L. Iridaceae.

Deep red. Should not be oily.

Aromatic; recalling the odor of iodoform.

Bitter, somewhat pungent; saliva a bright orange yellow.

Cells elongated, thin-walled, filled with red coloring matter. Large, very thin-walled bladdery stigmatic trichomes. Pollen grains few, very large, spherical; exine thick, colorless; contents reddish, granular.

Ash should not exceed 5 per cent.

Adulterated with basal portions of styles, dyed floral parts, as stamens and petals. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is frequently an adulterant of or substitute for crocus. Also adulterated with chalk, gypsum, colored emery, oil, glycerine, etc.