78. (Fig. 87.) CUSSO. Kousso.

Fl. ex. 40.

Brayera, Kusso, E. Koso, Kusso, Cusso, G. Kousso, Fr.

The female (pistillate) flowering tops of Hagenia abyssinica Gmelin, Rosaceae.

Rather light brown.

Fragrant, recalling chamomile; somewhat heavy.

Bitter, pungent.

Epidermal cells with straight and wavy vertical walls; simple, somewhat twisted, single celled, trichomes; spherical pollen grains with three pores each; many celled glandular trichomes; typical aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate.

Numerous pollen grains and parts of anthers filled with pollen indicates adulteration with male flowers.

79. (Fig. 88.) CYPRIPEDIUM. Cypripedium.

Fl. ex. 60.

Ladies' slipper, American valerian, E. Gelbfrauenschuh, G. Valériane americane, Cypripede jaune, Fr.

The rhizomes and roots of Cypripedium pubescens Wild., and C. parviflorum Salisbury, Orchidaceae.

Light grayish brown (like aconite).

Odor disagreeable, heavy, recalling valerian.

Sweetish, bitter, pungent.

Parenchyma cells large, thick-walled, porous; raphides; some small, simple spherical starch granules; scalariform tracheids; porous tracheids; some cork tissue.

May be adulterated with roots and rhizomes of other plants.

80. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur. Seed.

Fl. ex. 40.

Lark's claw, Knight's spur, E. Rittersporn, Lerchenklaue, Hornkümmel, G. Pied d'alouette, Fr.

The seeds of Delphinium consolida L., Ranunculaceae.
Very dark; somewhat oily.

Disagreeable nauseous heavy odor; rancid when old.

Bitter, pungent.

Outer cells of seed coat quite large; black, indistinct collapsed, thin-walled parenchyma. Endosperm cells large, thick-walled very porous and somewhat collenchymatous, filled with granular proteid matter and fat.

The seeds of related species are frequently substituted for the above.

81. DEXTRINUM. Dextrin.

A dry fine powder.

British gum, E. Dextrin, G. Dextrin, Fr.
Derived from starches. (See starch.)

Rather light brown, quite mobile. Nearly white, yellowish brown tinge, less mobile (white dextrin).

Odorless.

Sweetish.

Outline of granules indistinct, quite irregular, hili and stratification quite distinct. The histological characteristics are still sufficiently marked to determine the kind of starch employed. (See starches.)

In the United States corn starch is employed. White dextrin consists largely of unmodified starch granules; no high temperature is employed in its preparation.

82. (Fig. 89.) DIGITALIS. Digitalis. U. S.

Fl. ex. 60. Tinct. 60.

Foxglove, E. Fingerhut, G. Digitale pourprée, Grand digitale, Fr. The leaves (second years' growth) of Digitalis purpurea L., Scrophulariaceæ.

Dull green.

Faintly fragrant when dry; heavy, nauseous, when moist.

Bitter.

Vertical walls of upper and lower epidermis wavy, those of the lower more so than the upper; stomata on lower surface only; simple, many celled, rather large trichomes with minute warty outer markings; some glandular trichomes with two secreting cells; no crystal bearing cells.

Ash 8.5 per cent.

Adulterated with leaves of first year's growth; leaves of Verbascum Thapsus, (large, branched trichomes); Conyza squarrosa; Symphytum officinale; Inula Helenium; and common Comfrey. The histology of first and second year leaves requires further careful comparative study. The leaves of the first year plants contain fewer trichomes than the second year leaves and it is probable that a careful comparative trichome count will make it possible to detect admixtures.