103. (Fig. 108.) GRINDELIA. Grindelia. U. S.

Grindelie, G. Grindélie, Fr.

Fl. ex. 30.

The leaves and flowering tops of Grindelia camporum G. and G. cuneifolia Nutt., Compositæ.

Pale yellowish brown.

Somewhat fragrant, camphoraceous.

Bitter, somewhat pungent; very sticky (resin).

Vertical walls of upper and lower epidermal cells somewhat wavy; stomata on both surfaces. Rigid, many celled simple trichomes and some depressed sessile, many celled glandular trichomes. Prismatic and aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate. Some pollen grains typical of the order compositæ.

Ash 6 per cent.

Various related plants substituted for the above. Compare the two official species. The above description refers to the G. camporum.

Fig. 108. GRINDELIA.

a. Epidermis.

b. Trichomes.

c. Glandular trichomes.

d. Epidermis, lateral view.

e. Pollen grains.

f. Parenchyma cells with crystals.

g. Epidermis, lateral view.

h. Parenchyma.

i. Parenchyma with aggregate crystals.

j. Tracheids.

9

104. GUAIACUM. Guaiacum Wood.

Fl. ex. 60. Rasped.

Guajakholz, Pockholz, Franzosenholz, G. Bois de guaiac, Fr.
The wood of Guaiacum officinale L., Zygophyllaceæ.

Olive green.

Faintly aromatic.

Nearly tasteless, faintly pungent.

Medullary rays of a single layer of cells, about six cells high. The predominating tissue consists of very thick-walled wood fibers through which are scattered large resin ducts with olive green, sometimes brown, resin. No starch; prismatic crystals are sparingly present.

While the wood is rarely if ever adulterated, the resin obtained therefrom is frequently adulterated.

105. (Fig. 109.) GUARANA. Guarana. U. S.

Guarana, G. and Fr.

Fl. ex. 60.

The crushed, partially roasted and agglutinated seeds of Paullinia Cupana K., Sapindaceæ.

Rather bright reddish brown.

Faintly aromatic, recalling chocolate.

Quite bitter, astringent.

Medium sized to rather large typical, brown or brownish parenchyma cells filled with pasty starch. Some rather small, brown sclerenchyma cells. Numerous lumps of pasty starch of the dimensions of the cell lumen.

Ash 1.5 per cent.

Said to be adulterated with starch (cassava starch) and occasionally with cocoa seeds.

C

Fig. 109. GUARANA.

a. Parenchyma with pasty starch.

b. Sclerenchyma cells.

c. Masses of pasty starch.

d. Small sclerenchyma cells.

106. HAEMATOXYLON. Logwood.

Fl. ex. 30. Rasped.

Blauholz, Blutholz, Campechenholz, G. Bois de Campêche, Bois d'Inde, Bois de sang, Fr.

The wood of Haematoxylon campechianum L., Leguminosæ.
Very dark purplish.

Faintly aromatic or fragrant.

Faintly sweetish, astringent, colors saliva pinkish red.

Predominating tissue of deep brown, thick-walled wood fibers. Medullary rays mostly of one, also of two and three layers of cells, ten to fifteen and more cells high. Large resin ducts with deep reddish brown resin. Some small thin-walled cells bearing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate. No starch.

Compare the histology of the different varieties-Campeachy, Honduras, St. Domingo and Jamaica logwoods. The cell fragments turn blue in the presence of copper-a delicate copper test.

107. (Fig. 110.) HAMAMELIS. Hamamelis.

Fl. ex. 30.

Witch-hazel, E. Hamamelis, Zauberhazel, G. Hamamelis, Fr.
The leaves of Hamamelis virginiana L., Hamamelidaceæ.
Dull green.

Fragrant, hay-like.

Quite astringent, somewhat bitter.

Stomata on lower surface only, vertical wall wavy. Lower epidermal cells somewhat smaller than upper. Large aggregate (stellate clusters) trichomes of six to eight thick-walled cells. Scattered through the leaf parenchyma are found a few peculiar branching sclerenchyma cells like those of tea. Prismatic crystals plentiful. Palisade cells and spongy tissue cells resin bearing.

Ash 6 per cent.

Rather rarely adulterated.