122. (Fig. 123.) JUGLANS. Butternut-bark.

Fl. ex. 60. Ex. 30.

Butternussrinde, Graue Wallnussrinde, G. Ecorce de noyer gris, Fr. The inner bark of the roots of Juglans cincerea L., Juglandaceæ. Very dark brown.

Somewhat aromatic.

Bitter, pungent.

More or less of the outer bark is usually present, which consists of suberized cells bearing granular dark brown coloring matter. Inner bark parenchyma of rather small, loosely united cells, many of which contain a deep brown resin or aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate. Typical long, thick-walled, finely porous bast fibers are plentifully present.

The bark of Juglans regia (English walnut) and J. nigra (black walnut) is similarly used, but perhaps not often as an adulterant of the above.

Fig. 123. JUGLANS.

a. Parenchyma cells with coloring matter and crystals.

b. Parenchyma, longitudinal view.

c. Bast fibers.

d. Cork, profile view.

e. Aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate.

123. (Fig. 124.) KAMALA. Kamala.

Naturally a rather coarse powder.

Kamala, E., G., Fr.

The stellate trichomes and glandular trichomes of Mallotus philippinensis, Müller, Euphorbiaceæ.

Red, with brown.

Odorless.

Tasteless; sandy, gritty.

Kamala consists of glandular and aggregate trichomes. The glandular predominate; they are deep red, multicellular. The aggregate trichomes consist of single celled, rather thick-walled, more or less bent, light brownish hairs. Indistinct epidermal remnants are present also, and some sand is normally present.

Ash 6 per cent.

Quite generally adulterated; usually with a fine sand and colored starch (a maranta-like starch). Adulteration very easily detected microscopically because the kamala elements are very characteristic.

Fig. 124. KAMALA.

a. Deep reddish brown glandular trichomes.

b. Aggregate simple trichomes.

c. Gland decolorized with a weak solution of potassium hydrate.

124. (Fig. 125.) KRAMERIA. Peruvian Rhatany.

Fl. ex. 30. Tinct. 40.

Payta rhatany, E. Peruanische (Payta) Ratanhia, G. Ratanhia, Fr. The roots of Krameria triandra Ruiz et Pavon, Polygalaceæ. Bright red brown.

Somewhat musty odor.

Very astringent, saliva red.

Outer bark of thin-walled cork bearing reddish brown coloring matter; some of the cells empty. Inner bark parenchyma cells with simple and compound starch granules, reddish brown coloring matter and small variable prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, not unlike those of cinnamon. Porous ducts and tracheids. Typical, rather short, mostly isolated bast cells with walls rather thick.

Ash 4 per cent.

Adulterated with roots of related species.

125. (Fig. 126.) KRAMERIA.

Savanilla Rhatany.

Fl. ex. 30. Tinct. 40.

Purple rhatany, E. Savanilla (Neugranada) Ratanhia, G.
The roots of Krameria Ixina L., Polygalaceæ.

Odor and taste as for Peruvian rhatany.

Color of powder a deeper red.

The general histological characteristics much like those of the Peruvian rhatany. Parenchyma cells larger; cork and parenchyma richer in the bright reddish brown coloring matter; starch is wanting; the bast cells are longer, larger and walls somewhat thicker. Porous ducts are larger.

Ash 4 per cent.

Adulterations as for Peruvian rhatany.