128. LINUM. Flaxseed. U. S.

Flaxseed cake (cake meal). Flaxseed meal.

Linseed, E. Leinsamen, Flachssamen, G. Semence (Graine) de lin, Fr. The seeds of Linum usitatissimum L., Linaceæ.

Light brown to brown.

Linseed oil odor; rancid odor when old.

Bland oily, bitterish, somewhat mucilaginous.

Epidermal cells prismatic, with mucilage. A layer of elongated sclerenchyma fibers. A layer of small rectangular, deep brown cells. Endosperm cells thin-walled, filled with proteid granules and fat. No starch in ripe seeds. In the unripe seeds the perisperm parenchyma cells contain simple spherical starch granules, mingled with the oil globules.

Ash 6 per cent.

The meal may be adulterated with flour, corn meal, starches and ground cake meal.

129. (Fig. 129.) LOBELIA

Lobelia. U. S.

Fl. ex. 60. Tinct. 40.

Indian tobacco, E. Lobelienkraut, G. Herbe de lobélie enflée, Fr. The leaves and flowering tops of Lobelia inflata L., Lobeliaceæ.

Grayish green.

Fragrant; heavy, narcotic, recalling tobacco.

Pungent.

Vertical walls of upper epidermal cells of the leaf linear, thick, very porous; cuticle linearly marked. Lower epidermal tissue with stomata, vertical walls thin, wavy. Large, single celled, simple, rather thin-walled, conical trichomes, upper portion narrowed, with slight cuticular markings. Prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate.

Ash 10 per cent.

The most common adulterant is the basal stems and leaves, indicated by an excess of fibrous tissue.

a. Epidermal tissue, lower.

b. Upper epidermis.

c. Trichomes.

d. Epidermis, lateral view,

e. Bast fiber.

f. Crystal bearing cells.

Fig. 129. LOBELIA.

130. (Fig. 111, a.) LUPULINUM. Lupulin.

Moderately fine powder.

Lupulin, Hopfenmehl, G. Lupuline, Lupulite, Fr.

The glands from the strobiles of Humulus Lupulus L., Urticaceæ. Dull reddish brown.

Hop odor, recalling valerian.

Bitter.

The powder consists of the bright golden yellow, somewhat pearshaped, many-celled glandular structures, one of which is shown in profile view in Fig. 111, a.

Ash 10 per cent.

Lupulin should contain only a small amount of sand, vegetable tissue and insect (aphida) remnants. It is frequently adulterated with sand. It deteriorates rapidly. Old material changes to an orange yellow and the odor becomes heavier, almost cheese-like. Impurities (sand, strobile tissue, leaf and stem fragments) are frequently excessive.

131. (Fig. 130.) LYCOPODIUM. Lycopodium. U. S.
Fine powder.

Vegetable sulphur, E. Bärlappsamen, Streupulver, Hexenmehl,
Blitzpulver, G. Lycopode, Saufre végétale, Fr..

The spores of Lycopodium clavatum L., Lycopodiaceæ.

Very bright pale yellow. Very mobile.

Odorless.

Tasteless.

The powder consists almost wholly of the individual spores showing the facets of union with two other spores. Rarely two and three still united. Outer spore membrane delicately reticulate..

Ash 2 per cent.

Adulterated with spores of related species; talc, gypsum; starch, flour, dextrin; pollen grains of conifers; sulphur, turmeric.

Fig. 130. LYCOPODIUM SPORES.

132. (Figs. 131 and 132.) MACIS. Mace.

Moderately fine.

Muskatblüthe, Macis, G. Macis, Fleur de muscade, Fr.
The arillode of the seeds of Myristica fragrans L., Myristicaceae.

Light yellowish brown; oily.

Delicate nutmeg odor.

Pungent, somewhat bitter.

Epidermal cells elongated with diagonal end walls, cuticle very thick. In transverse view epidermal cells appear somewhat tangentially flattened. Parenchyma cells rather small and thin walled, closely united and filled with fat and granules of amylodextrin, no starch. Distributed through the parenchyma are much larger resin-bearing cells. Vascular tissue very deficient (reticulate ducts.)

Ash 2 per cent.

Adulterated with wild or false mace, which differs in that the epidermal cells in transverse view appear rectangular, somewhat elongated vertically, never tangentially flattened. Amylodextrin granules larger, more rectangular. With concentrated sulfuric acid or potassium hydrate solution, false mace turns deep red, true mace yellowish.