9

a

Fig. 158. PYRETHRUM. Root.

a. Parenchyma with resin.

b. Sclerenchyma.

c. Parenchyma, longitudinal view.

d. Reticulate duct.

e. Spiral duct.

f. Cork.

g. Resin mass.

h. Resin mass.

162. (Fig. 159.) QUASSIA. Quassia. U. S.

Fl. ex. 60. Tinct. 40.

Bitter ash, Quassia wood, Bitter wood, E. Quassienholz, Fliegenholz, G. Quassie, Bois amere, Fr.

The wood of Picrasma excelsa Planchon, Simarubaceæ.

Very pale yellowish brown; pale straw yellow.

Odorless.

Intensely bitter.

Great bulk of tissue consists of typical wood fibers. Short prismatic crystal-bearing fibers. Medullary rays from one to four layers of cells, with simple spherical starch granules. Very large, finely porous ducts.

Ash 2.5 per cent.

Adulterated with wood and bark of allied species. Surinam quassia (Quassia amara) differs from the above in that the medullary rays consists of one layer of cells and furthermore sclerenchyma cells from the bark are present.

•

Fig. 159. QUASSIA.

a. Wood fibers and medullary ray, tang. view.

b. Wood fibers and med. ray, radial view.

c, f. Crystal bearing cells.

d. Large porous duct.

e. Medullary ray with starch.
9. Crystals and starch granules.
h. Wood fibers.

163. QUERCUS ALBA. White Oak.

Fl. ex. 30.

Oak bark, E. Eichenrinde, G. Ecorce de chêne, Fr.
The inner bark of Quercus alba L., Fagaceæ.

Pale reddish brown.

Nearly odorless.

Very astringent and bitter.

Numerous typical, medium sized, thick-walled sclerenchyma cells. Typical, rather large, thick-walled bast fibers, profusely lined with prismatic crystal-bearing fibers; aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate also abundant. Parenchyma cells rather thin-walled, and of a pale brownish rosy hue; some with brown resin.

The bark of various related species is often substituted for the above.

164. (Fig. 160.) QUILLAJA. Quillaja bark.
Fl. ex. 30.

Soap-bark, E. Seifenrinde, G. Ecorce de quillaya, Fr.
The inner bark of Quillaja Saponaria Fr., Rosacea.
Very pale ash gray.

Odorless; irritating, producing sneezing.

Very pungent, astringent; saliva foamy.

Numerous, rather large, thick-walled, porous bast cells; many of them irregular, nodular, bent and branching; some short and sclerenchymatous. Remnants of the outer brown cork tissue may be found. Inner bark parenchyma cells entirely colorless, elongated; most cells with single large elongated prisms of calcium oxalate.

Not generally adulterated.