have taken Latin and Greek during the freshman and sophomore years. The new impulses of the century are shown in the fact that the degree of Bachelor of Science is granted in eight different departments or schools. Besides these, courses are also offered in the Department of Philosophy, the Department of

Law, the Department of Medicine, the University Hospital, the Auxiliary Department of Medicine, the Wistar Institute of Anat

omy and Biology, the Laboratory of Hygiene, the Department of Dentistry, the Department of Veterinary Medicine, the Museum of Archæology and Paleontology, the Flower Astronomical Observatory, and the Department of Physical Education. These various departments at present constitute the University of Pennsylvania.

The highest intellectual life of the university is found in the Department of Philosophy, devoted to the work of research and investigation. The courses are open to college graduates, and

lead to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This department, established in 1884, is modeled after the philosophical faculty of the German universities. The growth of the department has been rapid. In 1884-'85 there was one matriculate; during the present year the enrollment has reached one hundred and seventy-one. The possibilities for original work and scientific research in the Department of Philosophy have been greatly increased through the generosity of Provost Harrison, who has presented to the university a permanent fund of five hundred thousand dollars, known as the George Leib Harrison Foundation for the Encouragement of Liberal Studies and the Advancement of Knowledge. Upon this foundation have been established twenty-seven new scholarships and fellowships of the aggregate value of thirteen thousand two hundred dollars annually. The purpose of the adoption of the new system is to build up a group of cultured men residing among the students of the university. The twentyseven scholarships and fellowships are divided under three classifications. Eight are of the value of one hundred dollars a year, and are open only to graduates of the university, intending to provide for those students who desire to take an extra year of study. Fourteen are fellowships, of the value of six hundred dollars a year, less one hundred dollars devoted to publication, and are open to the graduates of any institution to be held for two years in candidacy for the degree of Ph. D. The Hector Tyndale fellowship in physics, already established, makes fifteen of this grade. Five are senior fellowships of the value of eight hundred dollars a year, open only to those who have taken the degree of Ph. D. at the university. These fellowships may be held for three years, and the holders are required to devote themselves to some work of original research, and to do teaching in the line of their work to a maximum of four hours a week. The intention is evident that the plan aims to retain men of exceptional ability in residence as long as possible. A graduate of the university may hold a scholarship or fellowship for six years, while a graduate of another institution who displays great ability may be retained in residence for five years. Besides the above mentioned, there are also six fellowships in the graduate department for women. It is believed that the university has now the most complete system of fellowships in the country. With a material equipment of grounds, buildings, etc., valued at three million nine hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars, vested funds to the amount of one million nine hundred and ninetytwo thousand dollars, the most liberal system of fellowships in the country, a teaching force of two hundred and fifty-one professors and instructors, and a student body numbering twentysix hundred and thirty-two, the university has peculiar facilities

not only for the work of instruction, but also for research and investigation.

It will be, impossible within the scope of this paper to adequately describe all the various activities of the university, so I shall confine myself to those departments in which the chief contributions to science have been made. The Department of Archæology and Paleontology, which illustrates the prehistoric antiquities of America, as well as the remains of highly developed Oriental civilizations, has enlisted the services and energies of the ablest scholars. As a result of their labors, the University of Pennsylvania has put the scientific world under lasting obligations by placing the slumbering witnesses of nations that have perished at the service of science. The Museum of Archæology and Paleontology may trace back its humble origin to the spring of 1888, when a few casts and squeezes of Babylonian inscriptions, some Etruscan and Roman pottery, a number of Palmyrene tombstones, and other miscellaneous antiquities were gathered together and placed under the care of the Professor of Assyriology, Dr. Hermann V. Hilprecht. On October 23, 1889, a little company met at a dinner given by Mr. Francis C. Macauley, at the Philadelphia Club. There were present Dr. William Pepper, then provost of the university; Dr. Joseph Leidy, President of the Academy of Natural Sciences; Maxwell Sommerville, the collector and student of engraved gems; Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, the Americanist; Dr. Horace Jayne, dean of the university faculty; Dr. Charles C. Abbott, the well-known archæologist; Henry C. Mercer, Prof. E. D. Cope, and the host, Mr. Macauley, whose enthusiastic interest in archæological research had led him to bring together these distinguished men of science for the purpose of stimulating and extending the interest in archæological studies, and to establish a museum of archæology in the city of Philadelphia. The project from the first received the cordial support of Provost Pepper, and early in the month following it was announced that the university had established the Museum of Archæology and Paleontology, for which a staff of officers was appointed and Dr. Charles C. Abbott installed as curator.

The formation of a museum, however, had only been part of a scheme in which a most important place had been given to the prosecution of original investigation and the arousing of a more general interest in the subject of archæology. To obtain funds for prosecuting explorations and to enlist the support of people of cultivated taste in the work, a society was formed under the title of the University Archæological Association. This organization, which now numbers over two hundred members, has largely contributed to the results achieved. In 1891, in consequence of the great interest manifested in the museum and the successful ex

tension of its work, it was constituted a department of the university. Its collections are now contained in halls devoted to them in the library. They comprise eight sections, each in charge of a curator, as follows: American and Prehistoric Archæology, Asian and General Ethnology, Babylonian Casts, Egyptian and Mediterranean Glyptics, Musical Instruments, and Paleontology.

The American Museum occupies a spacious hall. Long rows of flat cases fill the center of the room. In these are contained a carefully arranged collection of the objects of stone, bronze, bone, and pottery which comprise the few material evidences of the presence of man on the eastern part of this continent before the arrival of European settlers. There are displayed the rude stone implements from the Trenton gravels, the discovery of which carried back the antiquities of man in America to a period hitherto undreamed of, constituting an era in the science of American archæology. There are also finished stone implements of the recent Indians, and the fragments which alone remain of the rude Indian pottery. These specimens are arranged State by State through almost the entire Union. The exhibition space is at present chiefly occupied with the Hazzard collection from the cliff dwellings of Mancos Cañon in southwestern Colorado. Here, under the wide dome of the Library building at the university, is a little colony of people and things estimated to be two thousand years old. The village was discovered by two brothers named Wetherile, in 1888, in the heart of the cañon of the Mancos River in Colorado. They bought up the village at a very low figure, and sold it to Mr. C. D. Hazzard, of Minneapolis. Mr. Hazzard showed a part of his wonderful collection at the World's Fair, and Mr. Stewart Culin, of the university, secured it for exhibition in the museum. The collection represents in an almost unbroken series the entire life of these strange people, telling in plain words more about them than we know now about the warring Indian tribes which inhabited the eastern coast of North America. This exhibition shows that in the wilds of the Rocky Mountains, where this curious colony of people were driven for refuge by the wilder tribes inhabiting the plains, there existed two thousand years ago a civilization and a culture that will bear comparison with its contemporary countries throughout the world. The Mexican antiquities consist chiefly of objects from graves, among which are a number of cinerary urns, with their original contents of calcined human bones. From Peru there is a highly important collection of pottery from the ancient sepulchres, with mummies and a number of the simple objects, such as food, weapons, and household implements, which the Peruvians were accustomed to bury with their dead. From the islands of the Pacific may be seen the weapons and pottery, the carvings of