The Principal Forms of the Skeleton and the Teeth as the Basis for a System of Natural History and Comparative AnatomyHoulston and Wright, 1859 - 304페이지 |
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anchylosed animal articular surface articulated atlas attachment backwards base basisphenoid birds body bones bony calcaneum called canal canine capsule carpal cartilaginous cavity cement centrum cervical character clavicle coalesced concave condyle confluent connate convex coracoid cranium crocodile crocodilia crown deciduous dental dentine developed diapophyses digits distal diverging appendage dorsal elements elephant enamel expanded extinct extremity fangs femur fibula fishes fore fore-limbs frontal hæmal arch hæmal spine hæmapophyses head hoofed humerus incisors inner interspace limbs lower jaw lumbar lumbar vertebræ mammalia mammals mastoid maxillary median metacarpal metatarsal modifications molar muscles nasal neural arch neural spine neurapophyses occipital osseous ossified outer pair parietal pectoral pectoral fin pelvic perforated phalanges plates posterior premaxillary premolars proportion pterygoid pulp quadrupeds ribs ridge rudimental ruminants sacral scapula segment side skeleton skull socket species sternum structure substance teeth thick toes tooth transverse processes true molars trunk tusks tympanic ulna upper jaw vertical
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262 페이지 - ... in others as aids in locomotion, means of anchorage, instruments for uprooting or cutting down trees, or for transport and working of building materials ; they are characteristic of age and sex ; and in man they have secondary relations subservient to beauty and to speech. Teeth are always intimately related to the food and habits of the animal, and are therefore highly interesting to the physiologist : they form for the same reason important guides to the naturalist in the classification of...
275 페이지 - The bending of the dentine about it begins a little beyond the base of the tooth, where the poison-duct rests in a slight groove or longitudinal indentation on the convex side of the fang ; as it...
284 페이지 - From that time to the present there has been no intermission in the supply of ivory, furnished by the tusks of the extinct elephants of a former world.
224 페이지 - ... when suspended in the air, their bodies naturally fall into that position which throws the centre of gravity beneath the wings. The axis of motion being situated in a different place in the line of the body when walking, from that which is used when flying, the discrepancy requires to be compensated by some means in all birds, in order to enable them to perform flight with ease. Raptorial birds take a horizontal position when suspended in the air, and the compensating power consists in their...
198 페이지 - It is true the serpent has no limbs, yet it can outclimb the monkey, outswim the fish, outleap the jerboa, and, suddenly loosing the close coils of its crouching spiral, it can spring into the air and seize the bird upon the wing...
279 페이지 - The strength of the hyaena's jaw is such, that in attacking a dog, he begins by biting off his leg at a single snap.
274 페이지 - Lacertians, to the above-cited remarkable extinct edentulous genus of the new red sandstone of Shropshire: but our interest rises almost to astonishment, when, in a Saurian skull, we find, superadded to the horn*clad mandibles of the Tortoise, a pair of tusks, borrowed as it were from the mammalian class, or rather foreshadowing a structure which, in the actual creation, is peculiar to certain members of the highest organised warm-blooded animals.
269 페이지 - In the sharks and rays the teeth are supported by the upper or lower jaws, as in most quadrupeds; but many other fishes have teeth growing from the roof of the mouth, from the surface of the tongue, from the bony hoop or arches supporting the gills, and some have them developed from the bone of the nose and the base of the skull.
186 페이지 - ... to the bottom : if the right pectoral fin only be cut off, the fish leans to that side ; if the ventral fin on the same side be cut away, then it loses its equilibrium entirely ; if the dorsal and ventral fins be cut off, the fish reels to the right and left . When the fish dies, that is, when the fins cease to play, the belly turns upwards.
198 페이지 - As serpents move chiefly on the surface of the earth, their danger is greatest from pressure and blows from above ; all the joints are accordingly fashioned to resist yielding, and to sustain pressure in a vertical direction ; there is no natural undulation of the body upwards and downwards ; it is permitted only from side to side. So closely and compactly do the ten pairs of joints between each of the two or three hundred vertebrœ fit together, that even in the relaxed and dead state the body cannot...