line, or nearly in a line, with her own; and by night to cases in which each vessel is in such a position as to see both the side lights of the other. It does not apply by day to cases in which a vessel sees another ahead crossing her own course; or by night to cases where the red light of one vessel is opposed to the red light of the other, or where the green light of one vessel is opposed to the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light, or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead.

Two Steam Vessels Crossing

ART. 19. When two steam vessels are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other.

Steam and Sailing Vessels Meeting

ART. 20. When a steam vessel and a sailing vessel are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam vessel shall keep out of the way of the sailing vessel.

One Vessel to Keep Out of the Way

ART. 21. Where, by any of these rules, one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed.

NOTE. When, in consequence of thick weather or other causes, such vessel finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the giving-way vessel alone, she also shall take such action as will best aid to avert collision (see Arts. 27 and 29).

Vessels Avoid Crossing Ahead

ART. 22. Every vessel which is directed by these rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other.

Steamer to Slacken Speed if Necessary

ART. 23. Every steam vessel which is directed by these rules to keep out of the way of another shall, on approaching her, if necessary, slacken her speed or stop or reverse.

ART. 24.

Vessel Overtaking Another

Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules every vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the overtaken vessel.

Every vessel coming up with another vessel from any direction more than two points abaft her beam, that is, in such a position, with reference to the vessel which she is overtaking, that at night she would be unable to see either of that vessel's side lights, shall be deemed to be an overtaking vessel; and no subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these rules, or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.

As by day the overtaking vessel cannot always know with certainty whether she is forward of or abaft this direction from the other vessel, she should, if in doubt, assume that she is an overtaking vessel and keep out of the way.

ART. 25. In narrow channels every steam vessel shall, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fairway or mid-channel which lies on the starboard side of such vessel.

Sailing Vessels to Keep Out of Way of Fishing Boats, Etc. ART. 26. Sailing vessels under way shall keep out of the way of sailing vessels or boats fishing with nets, or lines, or trawls. This rule shall not give to any vessel or boat engaged in fishing the right of obstructing a fairway used by vessels other than fishing vessels or boats. Special Circumstances Rendering Departure From Rules Necessary ART. 27. In obeying and construing these rules, due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger.

SOUND SIGNALS FOR VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER

ART. 28. The words "short blast" used in this article shall mean a blast of about 1 second's duration.

When vessels are in sight of one another, a steam vessel under way, in taking any course authorized or required by these rules, shall indicate that course by the following signals on her whistle or siren, namely: One short blast to mean, "I am directing my course to starboard.” Two short blasts to mean, "I am directing my course to port." Three short blasts to mean, "My engines are going at full speed astern."

NO VESSEL, UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, TO NEGLECT PROPER PRECAUTIONS

ART. 29. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner or master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper lookout, or of the neglect of any precaution that may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen or by the special circumstances of the case.

RESERVATION OF RULES FOR HARBORS AND INLAND NAVIGATION ART. 30. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of a special rule, duly made by local authority, relative to the navigation of any harbor, river, or inland waters.

CONFLICTING LAWS REPEALED

SEC. 2. That all laws or parts of laws inconsistent with the foregoing regulations for preventing collisions at sea for the navigation of all public and private vessels of the United States upon the high seas, and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels, are hereby repealed.

22. Remarks.-The foregoing rules to prevent collisions at sea should be carefully studied. Questions on these rules play an important part in the examination of applicants for license. In order to answer questions relating to these rules intelligently and unhesitatingly, it is suggested that before going up for examination the applicant make a suitable number of small cardboard models of ships, and place on them, in proper positions, colored marks to represent the various lights carried by ships at night. Then, by arranging these models in every conceivable position and consulting the rules appertaining to each position, a few hours' study will be of considerably more value than any number of questions asked and answered.

It should be noted that the rules just given are the revised international rules, applicable to navigation on the high seas. For the navigation of rivers, harbors, and inland waters of the United States, separate rules have been drawn up; these are printed in Department Circular No. 88, and may be obtained by applying to the Bureau of Navigation, Department of Commerce and Labor, Washington, D, C. Again, for the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters, another set of rules has been prepared. These rules are known as Pilot Rules for the Great Lakes.

DUTY TO STAY BY AFTER COLLISION

23. An Act in Regard to Collision at Sea.-In every case of collision between two vessels, it shall be the duty of the master or person in charge of each vessel, if and so far as he can do so without serious danger to his own vessel, crew, and passengers (if any), to stay by the other vessel until he has ascertained that she has no need of further assistance, and to render to the other vessel, her master, crew, and passengers (if any), such assistance as may be practicable and as may be necessary in order to save them from any danger caused by the collision, and also to give to the master or person in charge of the other vessel the name of his own vessel and her port of registry, or the port or

place to which she belongs, and also the name of the ports and places from which and to which she is bound. If he fails so to do, and no reasonable cause for such failure is shown, the collision shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be deemed to have been caused by his wrongful act, neglect, or default.

24. Every master or person in charge of a United States vessel who fails, without reasonable cause, to render such assistance or give such information as aforesaid, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be liable to a penalty of one thousand dollars, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years; and for the above sum the vessel shall be liable and may be seized and proceeded against by process in any district court of the United States by any person; one half such sum to be payable to the informer and the other half to the United States.

THE LIFE-SAVING SERVICE

25. The following information and instructions to mariners are furnished by the United States Life-Saving Service. The mariner should make himself thoroughly conversant with all the details, so as to be able to give intelligent and satisfactory answers to questions when examined on this subject.

26. Life-saving stations, life-boat stations, and houses of refuge are located on the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards of the United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Lake Coasts.

All stations on the Atlantic Coast from the eastern extremity of the state of Maine to Cape Fear, North Carolina, are manned annually by crews of experienced surfmen, from September 1 to May 1, following. On the Pacific Coast they are open and manned the year round, with the exception of the station at Cape Arago, which depends on volunteer effort from the neighboring people in case of shipwreck.

All life-saving and life-boat stations are fully supplied with boats, wreck guns, beach apparatus, restoratives, etc. In Fig. 6 is shown a typical life-saving station house, with surf boat resting in its carriage on the boat wagon used to transport the boat to any desired point of the beach.

Houses of refuge are supplied with boats, provisions, and restoratives, but are not manned by crews; a keeper, however, resides in each throughout the year. After every storm, the keeper is required to make extended excursions along the coast, with a view of ascertaining whether any

shipwreck has occurred and finding and succoring any persons that may have been cast ashore.

Houses of refuge are located exclusively on the Florida. Coast, where the requirements of relief are widely different from those of any other portion of the seaboard.

Most of the life-saving and life-boat stations are provided with the International Code of Signals, and vessels can, by opening communication, be reported; or can obtain the latitude and longitude of the station, where determined; or can obtain information as to the weather probabilities in most