ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE AT 20 CENTS PER COPY Table I.-Distribution of births according to nationality of mother, by section of city and ward..................... Table II.-Distribution of births, live births, stillbirths, and deaths in first year, according to nativity of mother, by section of city and ward............. Table III.-Distribution of births to native and foreign married mothers and number and per cent of births in each group to those gainfully employed, Table IV.-Distribution of births to married mothers, according to attendant at birth and to nativity of mother, by section of city and ward... Table V.-Distribution of live births and of deaths during first year, according to number of persons and number of rooms per family. Table VI.-Distribution of births, live births, stillbirths, and of deaths during Table VII.-Distribution of births, live births, stillbirths, and of deaths during Table X.-Distribution of births to married wage-earning mothers, according Table XII.-Distribution of results of reportable pregnancies (live births and stillbirths) and miscarriages, according to number per mother and age of mother at each pregnancy.. Table XIII.-Distribution of results of reportable pregnancies (live births and stillbirths) and miscarriages, according to number per mother and husband's earnings.. Page. 63 64 65, 66 67 68, 69 70, 71 72-75 Table XIV.-Distribution according to number of pregnancies and age groups of married mothers classified by nativity.. 76 Table XV.-Distribution of married mothers by losses sustained, according to nativity of mother and number of possible losses.. 77 APPENDIXES. Appendix I.-Statements of mothers.. 81-85 Appendix II.-Detailed description of method used for computing infant mortality rate for this report and comparison with conventional method.... 86-88 Appendix III.-The milk supply.. 89-93 Plates A to R.. ILLUSTRATIONS. Follow page 93 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, SIR: I transmit herewith a statement of the first study in the field inquiry contemplated by the Children's Bureau into the subject of infant mortality in the United States. This study was made in Johnstown, Pa., during the first year of the bureau's existence, and is submitted as the first item in a proposed series of studies into infant mortality to be made in a number of typical communities throughout the country. The city of Johnstown was selected because of its interest as a type of town in which there are no large factories employing women and because its size and its good birth registration permitted a study by the staff which the bureau could at first assign to this work. The subject of infant mortality was chosen, first, because of its obvious importance as recognized by the fact that it is the first subject mentioned in the law creating the bureau; second, because of its fundamental value to further work of the bureau; and third, because it was practicable to make a single study, complete in itself, which would yet form part of an integral whole as it became possible to extend the field inquiry. The restricted and tentative character of this first study is recognized. Its results will be constantly compared and collated with those of following similar studies in other communities. Doubtless the method of the general field inquiry may be modified from time to time, but the essential basal material of the schedules will be comparable throughout. Infant mortality is a subject of profound social importance. The modern view has ceased to be fatalistic; infant mortality is now regarded as a preventable waste, injurious to survivors as well as destructive to infants, and cruelly increasing the burden of rearing a family. Sir Arthur Newsholme, the great English authority, has said, "Infant mortality is the most sensitive index we possess of social welfare and of sanitary administration, especially under urban conditions." Nationally, the United States has as yet no means of measuring the extent and significance of its infant mortality. If it were practicable, it would be illuminating to visit each one of the |