13. 14. Wheldon, John, The Machine Age Armies. New York: Wright, Quincy. A Study of War. 2d ed., 2 vols. Chicago: OCEANOGRAPHY The world community has come to recognize the oceans as a primary generator of much of the world's weather and the source of nearly all moisture upon which life on the continents depend. Nations which over 25 years ago first turned to the seabed for sources of fuel now realize 20 percent of the free world's output of oil and gas from offshore wells. Minerals from the sea now play a burgeoning role in satisfying the need for the chemicals and the ores upon which production depends. Nations have long recognized, too, that the oceans provide a source of protein that may assist in solving the world's food problem. From its earliest days this nation has turned to the seas--for transportation and commerce, for national defense, and for natural resources. Now three-fourths of our population lives in the states bordering the oceans and the Great Lakes, and more than one-half of our urban population, together with much of our industry, is concentrated in counties within 50 miles of the coast. Many millions more visit the seashore--for swimming, boating, fishing, and relaxation, and the coastal terraces of our sprawling urban areas have become the hub of many of our commercial and private endeavors. Maritime shipping continues to intensify off our coast--with a growing demand for expanded port, harbor, and navigation facilities. As international commerce grows at an ever-increasing rate, the world's maritime industry is called upon to continue to accommodate the bulk of our foreign trade. It is in the oceans that many of the expanding national interests of more than 100 coastal nations converge as they move farther from their coasts in the conduct of maritime and naval activities and in the search for new resources. Thus, there is an urgent need in ocean affairs to prevent conflicts and disputes and a unique opportunity to promote international understanding--through collaborative development of a framework of law to guide ocean activities and through joint working projects to understand and develop the ocean and its resources. With political uncertainties, our sea-based strategic deterrent and our naval presence provide stabilizing forces that enhance orderly economic and political growth within the international community. Finally, the oceans provide a vast laboratory for scientific inquiry that will advance our understanding of fundamental environmental characteristics and processes. Improvements in our ability to understand and possibly eventually to control ocean and weather phenomena can affect the lives of many--the farmer, resort owner, ship captain, and ordinary citizen. In times of stress the sea has been our ally, and in times of peace, a source of our prosperity. Sometimes hostile and sometimes generous in its moods, the ocean always has offered its abundant resources in countless ways, but only recently have we begun to perceive its true potential. The knowledge of oceanography evolving during the 1970's will assist nations individually to plan ocean related investments, and collectively, to develop arrangements for managing ocean resources. Because of the global character of the oceans, international cost-sharing by cooperative exploration and data exchange can benefit all participating nations. The decade of the 70's does not contemplate exploration of every square mile of the world's oceans nor investigation of every conceivable ocean phenomenon, but it emphasizes that, collectively, the nations of the world can identify the most promising geographical areas and lines of scientific inquiry, and by careful selection focus emphasis on inquiries of greatest promise. Reading List 1. 2. 3. Davis, Richard A., Jr. Principles of Oceanography. Reading, Gross, M. Grant. Oceanography: A View of the Earth. Engle wood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972. Joseph, P. A., LCDR, USCG. Nondum Partus for Deep Sea 4. Klein, H. Arthur. Oceans and Continents in Motion. New York Lippincott, 1972. Michelsohn, David R. Oceans in Tomorrow's World: How can we use and protect them? New York: Messner, 1972. 6. Williams, Jerome. Sea and Air: The Marine Environment. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Proceedings, 1973. CAREER INFORMATION Opportunities in Oceanography. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560. $1.00 University Curricula In the Marine Sciences and Related Fields, National Sea Grant Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Cceanographic Information Sources: 1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543. 2. 3. 4. Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, College Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, Naval Oceanographic Office, Department of the Navy, Washington, OUR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Our planet, Earth, can be considered a giant space ship, whose passengers presently include 3.8 billion people. They roam around in a spherical cabin about 25,000 miles in circumference, which has definite limits in ceiling and floor--and they whiz through space in varying degrees of comfort or discomfort. "Environment" is not an abstract concern, or simply a matter of esthetics, or of personal taste-although it can and should involve these as well. Man is shaped to a great extent by his surroundings. Our physical nature, our mental health, our culture and institutions, our opportunities for challenge and fulfillment, our very survival--all of these are directly related to and affected by the environment in which we live. They depend upon the continued healthy functioning of the natural systems of the Earth. But Environmental deterioration is not a new phenomenon. both the rate of deterioration and its critical impact have risen sharply in the years since the Second World War. Rapid population increases here and abroad, urbanization, the technology explosion and the patterns of economic growth have all contributed to our environmental problems. While growth has brought extraordinary benefits, until recently it has not been accompanied by sufficiently foresighted efforts to guide its development. Now, however, in many localities, determined action has brought positive improvements in the quality of air or water-demonstrating that, if we have the will and make the effort, we can meet environmental goals. We also have made important beginnings in developing the institutions and processes upon which any fundamental, long-range environmental improvement must be based. The basic causes of our environmental troubles are complex and deeply imbedded. They include: our past tendency to emphasize quantitative growth at the expense of qualitative growth; the failure of our economy to provide full accounting for the social costs of environmental pollution; the failure to take environmental |