Rule XVII.-The Participle is often omitted in the Nominative Absolute construction :

The sky clear, the moon shone brightly.

I lay in silence, he also silent (Wordsworth). Rule XVIII.-Nouns in apposition with each other agree in Number, Gender, and Case :

William, Emperor of Germany,
Victoria, Queen of England.

The soldiers, men of much endurance.

I do not believe him, a man unworthy of credit. Explanation.-A Noun is said to be in apposition with another Noun when it is put by the side of it in such a way as to qualify it. The word is derived from the Latin apponere, meaning "to set by the side of it."

Obs.-Rule XVIII. is satisfied in respect to Gender by the use of a Noun of the Common Gender, because the Gender of the Noun is for the occasion determined to be masculine or feminine as required. Ex. The king, a sovereign of determination. Here sovereign is determined for the occasion to be of the masculine Gender, The queen, a sovereign of determination. Here sovereign is determined for the occasion to be of the feminine Gender. Poetically, things without life, expressed by a neuter Noun, may be put in apposition with things male and female expressed by a masculine or feminine Noun. Ex. Thou noble father of her kings to be, Voice in the rich dawn of an ampler day (Tennyson).

Rule XIX.-When two Nouns in the Possessive Case are in apposition, only one takes the s and the apostrophe.

My son Frederick's book,

It is my son's, an infant in arms.

ORDER OF NOUNS IN THE SENTENCE.

Rule XX.-The Subject commences the sentence and precedes the Verb; the Nearer Object (if there be any) immediately follows the Verb, and is succeeded by the Remoter Object (if there be any), after which come the Objective Cases, governed by the various Prepositions :

The king committed the army to his generals, with full confidence in their skill and courage.

Exceptions.-The Subject follows the auxiliary Verb in-
(1) Interrogative sentences where who, what, &c., are not
used. Ex. Does he reign?

(2) Imperative sentences, when the Verb is in the second
person, passive voice. Ex. Be ye ruled.
(3) Contingent sentences with optative force.

he reign!

Ex. May

(4) Sentences where the conditional Conjunction has been
omitted. Ex. Had he reigned. Were he reigning.
(5) Clauses of sentences introduced by nor, never, &c.
Ex. Nor did he reign. Never did a man become
popular more quickly.

The Subject follows the independent Verb in—

(1) Parenthetical sentences, such as Said he; Continued the speaker.

(2) Imperative sentences of the second person active voice. Ex. Reign thou.

(3) Sentences beginning with there.

man.

(4) Sentences beginning with it.

Ex. There reigned a

Ex. It is true that he

reigns. Here the clause that he reigns is the real Subject. The Pronoun It, however, may be regarded as the Subject, with the subsequent clause in apposition with it, in which case the regular rule would be followed.

The Subject is not expressed in imperative sentences where the Verb is of the first or third person, and it is frequently omitted when the Verb is of the second person. Ex. Let [ye] him reign. Reign [thou, or, ye].

Obs.-The construction of the first person Imperative Mood in the English language is peculiar. Let us conquer or die!" may be analysed into "Let [ye, yourselves] conquer or die," and (the speaker addressing himself) "Let [thou thyself] conquer or die! Let is of the second person wherever used.

Rule XXI.-The Remoter Object may precede the Nearer Object, the Preposition being suppressed :

Give me the book.

Do not tell me that.

Rule XXII.-The Noun which forms the Complement of the Copulative Verb follows the Verb:

Kings are men.

Brutes seem unreasoning creatures.

Rule XXIII.-Nouns in the Possessive Case closely precede the Noun with which they are in relation :— The king's army defeated the enemy's troops.

By the queen's command.

Rule XXIV.-The Vocative Case and the Nominative Case absolute may stand in any part of the sentence, so that their position do not interfere with clearness and euphony :—

Come with me, my friend.
My friend, come with me.
You may, that being the case.
That being the case, you may.

Rule XXV.-Nouns in Apposition should stand next or near to one another :

Elaine, the lily maid of Astolat.

None with her save a little maid, a novice.

Obs.-The order of Nouns specified above may be largely modified and altered, especially in poetry, so that the sense of the sentence is not thereby made obscure.

EXERCISES TO ILLUSTRATE RULES ON THE NOUN AND THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULES I., II., III.

State the Subject and the Object of the Verbs in the following, and show the application of Rules I., III. :-

II.,

I cannot find the runagates; that villain

Hath mocked me. I fear some ambush..

When I have slain them with my proper hana,

I'll follow those that even now fled hence.

The law protects not us. For we do fear the law.
My brother hath done well.

RULES IV., V.

State the Remoter Object of the Verbs in the following, and show the application of Rules IV. and V.:

Give colour to my pale face by
I'll give no commands to thee.

thy blood.

To the face of peril

Myself I'll dedicate. I never saw
Such noble fury in so poor a thing.

There's no trace of him. Come, stand thou by our side.
And let our crooked smokes climb to their nostrils
From our blest altars. Away, boy, from the troops.

RULE VI.

State the Complement of the Copulas or Copulative Verbs in the following, and show the application of Rule VI. :

She rather seemed a lovely baleful star.

A summer's day will seem an hour.

The course of life that seemed so flowery for me
Became the sea cliff pathway broken short.
I am thine husband. What was once to me
Mere matter of the fancy, now has grown
The vast necessity of heart and life.

RULES VII., VIII.

Name the Factitive Verbs in the following, and show how Rules VII. and VIII., together with the Observation attached to Rule VIII., are illustrated by the following:

We create

Lord Saturninus Rome's great emperor.
Lavinia will I make my empress.
Twice being by the people chosen censor.
The Senate, Coriolanus, are well pleased

To make thee consul. I do owe them still

My life and services. We will give you advancement.
I crown you king of this day's happiness.

RULES IX., X., AND OBSERVATION.

Show how these Rules are illustrated by the following:-

Die the death.

Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it.
It is your fault I am bereft him so.

I cannot be bated one doit of a thousand pieces.

Say that the sense of feeling were bereft me,

And nothing but the very smell were left me.

Dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before.
He spake; the prince, as Enid past him, fain
To follow, strode a stride.

RULES XI., XII.

Show how these Rules are illustrated by the following:

The seaman's whistle

Is as a whisper in the ears of death.

Know you the character? It is my lord's

I must have a care of you. An enterprise of kindness.
His daughter's woe. Thou art like the harpy,

Which, to betray, dost, with thine angel's face,
Seize with thine eagle's talons.

RULES XIII., XIV., XIX.

Show how these Rules are illustrated by the following:

The bishop and the Duke of Gloucester's men

Do pelt so fast at one another's pate.

You must no more call it York Place; that's past :

'Tis now the king's, and called Whitehall.

We may as well push against Paul's as stir them.

You take vanity the puppet's part.

Break into his son-in-law's house, Sir James Cromer,
And strike off his head.

RULES XIV., XXIV.

Show how these Rules are illustrated by the following:

Oh, thou dull Moor! Farewell, kind master!
Troilus, thou coward, Troilus, show thy head!
Ay me, most credulous. Oh me, that dream!
Oh, spare, thou noble baron, spare!

You men of Angiers, open wide your gates!
Rejoice, you men of Angiers, ring your bells!
Death, death, O amiable, lovely death,
Thou hate and terror to prosperity!

RULES XVI., XVII.

Explain the Nominative Absolute, and show how Rules XVI. and XVII. are illustrated by the follow

ing:-

Yet, I not doing this,
My head, as I do his.
See where she comes,
Graces her subjects.

the fool had borne

apparelled like the spring,
Did you ever hear the like?