Austrian empire 3,229,884 horses, 116,210 mules, 3,795,348 bulls and oxen, 6,615,136 cows, 16,801,545 sheep, 2,275,900 goats, and 7,401,300 swine. The mineral produce, in 1855, consisted of-gold, 193,736.; silver, 299,856.; quicksilver, 47,1247.; copper, 287,7887.; iron, raw, 1,440,620.; iron, cast, 377,804l.; coals, 465,755l.; Bovey coals, 264,0647.; lead, 210,6217.; with other minerals, of the total value of 3,724,644. There were in the Austrian empire 44,193 public educational establishments, of which 206 were superior institutions-such as universities and other deparments of arts, literature, and sciences; 388 middle schools, including colleges, grammar schools, mining, agriculture, navigation, midwifery, &c.; 63 academical schools; 1,676 schools for boys and girls; and 41,860 infant and other schools. In these educational establishments, there were 67,304 teachers and professors, and 3,345,613 students and scholars. The expenditure for public schools, in 1851, amounted to 325,800l. At the beginning of 1857, there were in Austria 2,002 miles of railway open for traffic, and 3,399 miles in course of construction. In 1851, there were in Austria 202 mills, 6,480 spinning machines, 1,482,138 spindles, employing 30,020 persons, and consuming in the year 611,750 cwts. of raw cotton. The quantity of beetroot consumed in the sugar manufactories amounted, in 1853, to 5,360,055 centners.

France. The British Consul ́at Bordeaux reported that the trade of that town, in 1856, was, on the whole, good. The causes of such improvement were set down to the unwonted extension of credit, founded on the confidence of the political state of the country, to the increase of the home consumption, to the prosperity of the manufacturing and agricultural interests, wine excepted, to the importance of public works, and to the advantages which result from this extension of labour and production. A general revision of the customs' tariff would have a happy effect over the prosperity of that part of France. England might be instrumental in this desirable state of things, by reducing the duty on wine. The British Consul at Marseilles reported that the trade of that port in 1857 showed a considerable falling off. The British Consul at Algiers reported on the trade of that country. The countries which principally supply Algeria are Great Britain, Spain, the Barbary States; next in importance are Austria, Sweden, and Norway, the Two Sicilies, Tuscany, and Egypt. Great Britain furnishes cotton goods, coal, tobacco, iron, manufactured skins. Spain furnishes rice, potatoes, dry vegetables, fruits, and especially wine. Austria, Sweden, and Norway, furnish timber and iron; and Egypt furnishes tissues and carpets, which are brought by the pilgrims on their return from Mecca. From the Morocco, Tunisian, and Saharan frontiers, come cattle, tissues, hides, and manufactures of leather. The exports from Algeria are exclusively to France.

Portugal. The area of Portugal Proper is 35,400 English square miles, with a population in 1854 of 3,499,121, or 98.8 to a square mile: of Madeira and the Azores, 1,488 square miles; population 344,998, or 231·8 to a square

mile; of Portuguese possessions in Africa, 530,112 square miles, population 1,055,838, or 19 to a square mile; of Portuguese possessions in Asia, 1,548 square miles, population 408,596, or 263-9 to a mile; and of Portuguese possessions in the Indian seas and China, 27,516 square miles, population 947,887, or 34.4 to a square mile. The revenue in 1856-7, was 2,867,875l., and the expenditure 3,057,261. The public debt amounted to 21,384,538l. The value of imports in 1854 was 4,171,269., and of exports 3,245,9251. From the port of Lisbon there were exported of wine in 1853, 27,448 pipes; in 1854, 26,227 pipes; in 1855, 17,792 pipes; and in 1856, 11,756 pipes. The island of Madeira is 300 English square miles in extent, and had in 1856 a population of 163,097. The value of imports was 118,950l. and of exports 77,150. There were entered in that year in Madeira 172 vessels, 35,211 tons, and cleared 168 vessels, 32,733 tons.

Spain. The area of Spain, the Balearic Islands, and Canary Islands is 182,750 English square miles, and the population in May, 1857, was 16,301,851. The revenue in 1857 was 18,126,3147., and the expenditure 18,033,001. In 1858 there belonged to Spain 5,175 vessels, 349,762 tons, and 13,397 fishery and river boats, 61,025 tons. The value of imports into Spain was 13,041,680l., and of exports 10,636,1711. In 1855 there were in Spain 16,804,513 acres of arable land, 1,492,925 acres of vineyards, 857,468 acres olive-groves, 8,248,118 acres meadow and pasture, 3,733,296 acres hills and mountains, 35,573 acres of quarries and fish-ponds, and 1,075,672 acres waste lands. There were in Spain 680,890 cattle, 145,279 horses, 203,670 mules, 304,598 asses, 8,054,504 sheep, 1,496,501 goats, and 483,574 swine.

Spain-Cuba.-The area of this island is 48,489 English square miles, and the population in 1850 was 1,449,462, of whom 564,698 were white, 216,177 free mulattoes, and 668,587 slaves. In 1855 the imports amounted to 6,633,378l., and the exports to 7,395,600l. The exports, principally the produce of the island, consisted of sugar, 1,905,580 boxes; tobacco in leaves, 9,921,711 lbs.; molasses, 256,100 bocoyes; coffee, 473,399 arobas; cigars 356,582 mille.

Spain-Porto Rico.-The area of this island is 3,700 square miles, and in 1855 the population was 500,000, the number of slaves being 35,000. There were entered in Porto Rico 1,317 vessels, 167,203 tons, and cleared 1,276 vessels, 163,477 tons. The value of imports in 1855 was 1,157,175l., and of exports 994,3431. The exports in 1857 comprised 80,982,188 lbs. sugar; 2,707,760 gallons molasses; 8,244,664 lbs. coffee; 4,935,134 lbs. tobacco; 612,430 lbs. hides; 276,310 lbs. cotton, raw. No foreigner can establish himself in the island of Porto Rico, without making public profession of the Roman Catholic religion, or finding some resident to become a sort of surety in his behalf, and taking out a letter of domiciliation, wherein he is reported to have sworn allegiance to the crown of Spain. In consequence of these restrictions, no British mercantile house was ever established in this island. The rate of exchange was stated at 500 dollars currency per 100l.

Spain-Philippine Islands.—Tobacco leaf is the most important article of export. The cultivation of sugar in Panai as an article of export is as yet it in its germ, but, with a better system of crushing and boiling, sugar of an excellent quality might be produced.

Switzerland. The population in 1850 was 2,392,740, of whom 971,809 were Roman Catholics, 1,417,786 Protestants, and 3,145 Jews. In the year 1857, the revenue was 627,440%., and the expenditure 608,240l. The total area of Switzerland was 9,853,724 acres, of which 6,791,431 acres were cultivated, and 3,062,293 uncultivated.

Sardinia.-In 1857, the revenue of Sardinia was 5,438,6921., and the expenditure 5,749,074l. The public debt amounted to 27,224,2017.. In 1854 there belonged to Sardinia 3,174 vessels, 177,832 tons. In 1856, the declared real value of imports was 15,852,711l., and of exports 12,523,164. The exports comprised 416,000 kil. of silk waste, 227,732 kil. of silk raw, and 922,190 kil. of silk thrown. In the island of Sardinia, the imports amounted to 587,815., and the exports to 460,070.

Tuscany. The area of Tuscany is 8,442 English square miles, and the population 1,796,078. Of these 1,783,387 were Roman Catholics, 2,003 Protestants, and 7,688 Jews. The revenue in 1856 amounted to 1,265,8911., the expenditure to 1,297,0291. The public debt of Tuscany was 4,165,442l. In 1855, the imports amounted to 3,006,5647., and the exports to 2,323,2381. Roman States.-The area of these States is 16,155 English square miles; and the population, in 1853, was 3,124,068. In 1857, the revenue amounted to 3,039,3217., and the expenditure to 3,135,436l. In 1853, the imports were 2,553,7341., and the exports 1,676,3861. Silk is the most valuable article of export from this country. The railway was progressing between Ancona and Bologna.

Two Sicilies.-The area of the kingdom is 42,693 English square miles; and the population, in 1856, was 9,117,050. In 1853, the imports were valued at 3,210,819l., and the exports at 1,468,7097. In the island of Sicily, the imports amounted to 971,3621., and the exports to 2,192,9647.

Greece. The area of Greece is 15,000 square miles; and the population, in 1855, was 1,043,153. The revenue in 1858 amounted to 652,689l., and the expenditure to 640,9417. The grain produce of Greece in 1856 was 956,239 quarters. In 1853, the imports amounted to 721,7834., and the exports to 321,0327.

Turkey. According to the census in 1844, the Turkish empire had a population of 35,350,000, viz., in Europe, 15,500,000; in Asia, 16,050,000; and in Africa, 3,800,000. There were in Turkey, 21,000,000 Mussulmans ; 13,000,000 Greeks and Armenians; 900,000 Roman Catholics; 150,000 Jews; and 300,000 other sects. In Europe, however, the Mussulmans numbered 4,550,000; the Greeks and Armenians, 10,000,000; the Roman Catholics, 640,000; and the Jews, 70,000. In 1856 there were entered at the port of Constantinople, exclusive of Russian, 17,868 vessels, 3,702,000 tons; and cleared, 18,406 vessels, 3,676,302 tons. The island of Crete

has been increasing in prosperity from year to year. The population has nearly doubled since 1832; and the agricultural produce has also greatly increased. The Government, which formerly took one-seventh of the produce, now takes only one-tenth. The exports from Crete amounted to 433,240% in 1856. At Brussa, a great market for silk cocoons, a malady somewhat cognate to that which prevailed in France and Italy, affected the silk. The British Consul at Urayo reported on the English mining establishment on Mount Pelion. The right of working this mine was conceded to Messrs. Edmund Leathy and Charles Grace. The present proprietor had expended from 40,000l. to 45,000l. on these works; and numerous veins have been discovered, from which considerable quantities of lead, silver, and gold are extracted. The foremen, smelters, refiners, and miners are all English, except a few Germans, Swiss, Poles, and Ionians. The company has 350 to 400 men and boys in their employ. Bosnia is rich in pasture-grounds, and these are particularly adapted to the rearing of cattle. Of the vegetable productions, plums are the most important. Great quantities are consumed in Bosnia; a great deal of spirits is distilled from them; and large quantities are exported into Croatia and Dalmatia. Most of the trade of Bosnia is carried on with Austria. Bosnia is in great want of proper roads of communication. The imports into Roumelia in 1856 amounted to 813,500l., and the exports to 220,000l. The real wealth of Turkey consists of natural resources-her abundant raw material of every description; but to develop these, great capital is wanted. In Moldavia, the only means of transport from the interior is by carts drawn by oxen or horses. There are several lakes which extend nearly to the frontier, and which might, with a trifling outlay, be rendered navigable for lighters of several hundred tons burden; and, as they have all a communication with the Danube, might be made an easy and economical means of bringing produce to the shipping ports. Nearer to the sea are several salt lakes, which are a source of considerable revenue, as they produce large quantities of salt. Russia-Poland.-Trade in Poland has been rather retrogressive in these last thirty years. The population of Poland in 1856 was 4,696,919. The value of imports in 1855 was 12,797,9474., and of exports 18,133,1627. In the year 1856, considerable diminution was observable, in consequence of the impulse given by the transit through Prussia. The manufacture of woollen has been for a long time the special object of Government favour. The cloths made in Poland are of light description, and not so durable as manufactures of similar price and appearance in England. The cotton goods produced are extravagantly dear. Their cost is nearly double that of similar productions in England. Mining speculations were greedily taken up by the Government about thirty or thirty-five years ago, but they barely pay their expenses. Machinery comes in free of duty. Impatience of taxation finds its best safeguard in this country in throwing a careful veil over the extent of business done. This caution is visible in all classes, from the peasant weaver up to the opulent manufacturer.

Upon the progress of shipping and navigation in Finland, the British Consul reported as follows:

"The commercial marine of Finland affords employment and the means of livelihood to the greater portion of the population along the coast, and a safe and lucrative investment to the merchant. Previous to the war, the merchantmen of Finland were engaged in the carrying trade in nearly every part of the globe, and occupied a conspicuous role amongst the maritime nations; but, what with the forced sales before the commencement of hostilities in 1854, the subsequent captures, and those destroyed by our cruisers, their merchant fleet was reduced to less than half its original number. The earliest authentic returns I have been able to procure relative to the commercial marine of Finland is for the year 1826, when the fleet consisted of 250 vessels of 34,132 tons burden, and afforded employment to 2,306 hands. Ten years subsequently, or in 1836, the number of vessels had increased to 380, of 62,492 tons, with 3,580 hands, showing an addition of 130 vessels of 28,360 tons during the short period of ten years. In 1846, the number had reached 502 vessels, with a burden of 89,586 tons, and employing 5,490 seamen, showing the same rapid progress, 122 vessels, of 27,094 tons, having been added to the merchant fleet of the country.

"At the close of the year 1852, when the commercial marine of Finland may be said to have reached its climax, and before any of the political troubles which subsequently ensued had disturbed the horizon, or induced Finnish shipowners to dispose of their vessels, the fleet numbered 507 vessels of a collective tonnage of 108,760 tons, and afforded employment to 5,760 hands, showing an increase of 257 vessels and 74,628 tons, or double the number of vessels and tonnage since the year 1826. But this flourishing state of things was suddenly subjected to a cruel change, as, during 1853 and 1854, 158 vessels of 51,698 tons were sold and disposed of abroad, and 89 vessels, 19,088 tons, were captured or destroyed by the allied fleets; leaving, after deducting losses by shipwreck, 295 vessels of 43,736 tons, as forming the sum total of the Finland merchant service on the 1st January, 1856. But, in addition to the actual merchant fleet, there exists in Finland a large number of coasting vessels, not adapted for long voyages, which are owned and navigated by the peasantry or inhabitants of the coast or inland lakes. This separate class of vessels numbered, in 1850, as many as 927 craft, of 49,300 tons, and afforded employment to upwards of 3,500 hands. "These vessels are all very unwieldy, shaped after the fashion of a Dutch lugger the largest carry three masts and load about 140 tons; others are only ten to twelve tons burden. They are chiefly engaged in the transport of deals, planks, and battens, from the sawmills on the shores of the Siama and other lakes, to the seaports, for re-shipment abroad, and also in bringing marble, granite, and iron from the quarries and mines near Sordavala and Pitkaranda to St. Petersburg, taking generally, as a return cargo, meal, flour, and colonial produce, for the supply of their home districts."

The population of Finland may be taken to be 1,600,000. Industrial establishments and factories are numerous, and agriculture is very profitable. The trade of Wiborg has considerably increased. Many measures have been taken to promote the commerce of Finland. Direct communications