CHAPTER XVI.

INDIAN AND AFRICAN SLAVERY IN ST. DOMINGO.--THE INSURRECTIONS.

Discovery and settlement of the island by the Spaniards.-The natives reduced to
slavery. Cruelty of the Spaniards towards them.-Great mortality in conse-
quence. Their numbers replenished from the Bahamas.-The Dominicans be-
come interested for them.-Las Casas appeals to Cardinal Ximenes, who sends
commissioners.-They set the natives at liberty.-The colonists remonstrate
against the measure, and the Indians again reduced to slavery.-Las Casas seeks
a remedy. The Emperor allows the introduction of Africans.-Guinea slave-
trade established.-The buccaneers.-The French Colony.-Its condition in 1789.
-Enormous slave-population.-The Mulattoes.-The French Revolution-its ef-
fect on the Colonists.-First Insurrection.-Terrible execution of the leaders.-
Second Insurrection-massacre and conflagration-unparalleled horrors.-Burn-
ing of Port-au-Prince.-L'Ouverture appears, the spirit and ruler of the storm.-
French expedition of 25,000 men sent to suppress the Insurrection.-Toussaint
sent prisoner to France-dies in prison.-The slaves establish their freedom.-In-
dependence of Hayti acknowledged by France.....

CHAPTER XVII.

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE AFTER ITS NOMINAL ABOLITION.

252

State of the slave-trade since its nominal abolition.-Numbers imported and losses
on the passage.— Increased horrors of the trade.-Scenes on board a captured
slaver in Sierra Leone.-The Progresso.-Walsh's description of a slaver in 1829.
-The trade in 1820.-The slave-trade in Cuba-officers of government interested
in it.-Efforts of Spain insincere.-Slave barraccons near Governor's palace--con-
duct of the inmates.-The Bozals.-Bryan Edwards' description of natives of Gold
Coast-their courage and endurance.-Number of slaves landed at Rio in 1838-
barracoons at Rio-government tax.-Slave-trade Insurance-Courts of Mixed
Commission-their proceedings at Sierra Leone in 1838.-Joint stock slave-trade
companies at Rio.-The Cruisers-intercepted letters.-Mortality of the trade.—
Abuses of the American flag.-Consul Trist and British commissioners.-Corre-
spondence of American Ministers to Brazil, Mr. Todd, Mr. Proffit, Mr. Wise.— Ex-
tracts from Parliamentary papers.-Full list of Conventions and Treaties made by
England for suppression of Slave-trade......
280

CHAPTER XVIII.

EFFORTS TO SUPPRESS THE SLAVE-TRADE.-OPERATIONS OF THE CRUISERS.
Treaty between England and the United States, signed at Washington in 1842.-U.
S. African Squadron under the treaty.-The Truxton captures an American slaver,
the Spitfire, of New Orleans.-The Yorktown captures the Am. bark Pons, with
896 slaves on board.-Commander Bell's description of the sufferings of the slaves
-they are landed at Monrovia and taken care of.-Squadron of 1846.-Capture
of the Chancellor.-Slave establishment destroyed by the English and natives.-
A slaver's history-embarkation and treatment of slaves.- How disposed of in
Cuba.-Natural scenery of Africa.-Excursion to procure slaves-their horror at
the prospect of slavery.-Passage from Mozambique-the small-pox on board.—
More horrors of the Middle Passage.-The Estrella-revolt of negroes on board.. 303

CHAPTER XIX.

OPERATIONS OF THE CRUISERS UNDER THE ASHBURTON TREATY.

The American Squadrons from 1847 to 1851.-More captures.-U. S. brig Ferry cruises off the southern coast.-Capture of a slaver with 800 slaves, by an English cruiser.-Abuses of the American flag.-The Lucy Ann captured.-Case of the Navarre.-Capture by the Perry of the Martha of New York-her condemnation.-Case of the Chatsworth—of the Louisa Beaton.-The Chatsworth seized and sent to Baltimore-is condemned as a slaver. State of the slave-trade on the southern coast.- Importance of the squadron.-The Brazilian slave-trade diminishes...

344

CHAPTER XX.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SIERRA LEONE AND LIBERIA.

Colony of Sierra Leone founded by the English, 1787.—Free negroes colonized.— Present extent and condition of the colony.-Establishment of English factories on the slave coast.-Treaties with the African chiefs.-Scheme of African Colonization agitated in 1783-by Jefferson and others.-Movements in Va., in 1800 and 1805.-Formation of the American Colonization Society in 1816.-Its object "to colonize the free people of color."-Cape Mesurado purchased and colonized in 1821.-Defense of the infant settlement from an attack by the natives.-Mortality among the early settlers.- Increase of the colony in 1835.-State colonization societies establish settlements.- Consolidation of the state colonies, and establishment of the Commonwealth.-Governor Buchanan's efforts to suppress the slave-trade. His death, 1841.—Republic of Liberia established in 1847.-Joseph J. Roberts (colored) first President.— Its independence acknowledged by European powers.-The Republic attacks the slave establishments.- Natural resources of Liberia-its climate, soil, productions, exports, schools, churches, &c.-Settlements and population.-The Maryland settlement at Cape Palmas...

CHAPTER XXI.

HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES.

Early existence of Slavery in England.-Its forms.-The Feudal System.-Serfdom. Its extinction.-African Slavery introduced into the North American Colonies, 1620.-Slavery in Virginia.- Massachusetts sanctions Negro and Indian slavery, 1641: Kidnapping declared unlawful, 1645.-Negro and Indian slavery authorized in Connecticut, 1650.-Decree against perpetual slavery in Rhode Island, 1652.-Slavery in New Netherland among the Dutch, 1650-Its mild form.First slavery statute of Virginia, 1662.-In Maryland, 1663, against amalgamation. Statute of Virginia, conversion and baptism not to confer freedom; other provisions, 1667.- Maryland encourages slave-trade.-Slave code of Virginia, 1682, fugitives may be killed.-New anti-amalgamation act of Maryland, 1681.-Settlement of South Carolina, 1660.-Absolute power conferred on masters.-Law of Slavery in New York, 1665.-Slave code of Virginia, 1692: offenses of slaves, how punishable.- Revision of Virginia code, 1705: slaves made real estate. Pennsylvania protests against importation of Indian slaves from Carolina, 1705.New act of 1712 to stop importation of negroes and slaves, prohibition duty of £20.-Act repealed by Queen.-First slave law of Carolina, 1712.-Its remarka

358

ble provisions. Census of 1715.-Maryland code of 1715-baptism not to confer freedom.-Georgia colonized, 1732: rum and slavery prohibited.-Cruel delusion in New York: plot falsely imputed to negroes to burn the city, 1741.-Slavery legalized in Georgia, 1750.-Review of the state of Slavery in all the colonies in 1750.- Period of the Revolution.-Controversy in Massachusetts on the subject of slavery, 1766 to 1773.-Slaves gain their freedom in the courts of Massachusetts.-Court of King's Bench decision.-Mansfield declares the law of England, 1772.-Continental Congress declares against African slave-trade, 1784.......... 369

CHAPTER XXII.

SLAVERY UNDER THE CONFEDERATION.-EMANCIPATION BY THE STATES Number of Slaves in the United States at the period of the declaration of Independence.-Proportion in each of the thirteen States.- Declaration against slavery in the State Constitution of Delaware.-Constitutions of Massachusetts and New Hampshire held to prohibit slavery, by Supreme Courts, 1783.-Act of Pennsylvania Assembly, 1780, forbids introduction of slaves, and gives freedom to all persons thereafter born in that State.-A similar law enacted in Connecticut and Rhode Island, 1784.—Virginia Assembly prohibits further introduction of slaves, 1778, and emancipation encouraged, 1782.—Maryland enacts similar laws, 1783.— Opinions of Washington, Jefferson, and Patrick Henry.-New York and New Jersey prohibit further introduction of slaves.-North Carolina declares further introduction of slaves highly impolitic, 1786.-Example of other States not followed by Georgia and South Carolina.-Action of Congress on the subject of the Territories, 1784.-Jefferson's provision excluding slavery, struck out of ordinance.— Proceedings of 1787.-Ordinance for the government of the territory north-west of the Ohio, including Jefferson's provision prohibiting slavery, passed by unanimous vote.

388

CHAPTER XXIII.

FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION-SLAVERY COMPROMISES.

Convention assembles at Philadelphia, 1787.- Proceedings in reference to the slave basis of representation, the second compromise of the Constitution.- Debate.Remarks of Patterson, Wilson, King, Gouverneur Morris, and Sherman.-Debate on the Importation of slaves, by Rutledge, Ellsworth, Sherman, C. Pinckney.Denunciation of slavery by Mason of Virginia.-The third Compromise, the continuance of the African slave-trade for twenty years, and the unrestricted power of Congress to enact Navigation laws....

CHAPTER XXIV.

392

POLITICAL HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1789 TO 1800.
First session of First Congress, 1789.-Tariff bill-duty imposed on imported slaves.
-The Debate-views of Roger Sherman, Fisher Ames, Madison, &c.-Review of
the state of slavery in the States in 1790.-Second session.-Petitions from the
Quakers of Pennsylvania, Deleware, and New York.-Petition of Pennsylvania
Society, signed by Franklin.-Exciting debate-power of Congress over slavery.—
Census of 1790.- Slave population.-Vermont the first State to abolish and pro-

hibit slavery.-Constitution of Kentucky-provisions in respect to slavery.-Session of 1791.-Memorials for suppression of slave-trade, from Virginia, Maryland, New York, &c.-The Right of Petition discussed.-First fugitive slave law, 1793. First law to suppress African Slave Trade, 1794.-The Quakers again, 1797-their emancipated slaves reduced again to slavery, under expost facto law of North Carolina. Mississippi territory-slavery clause debated. Foreign slaves prohibited. Constitution of Georgia-importation of slaves prohibited, 1798—provisions against cruelty to slaves.— New York provides for gradual extinguishment of slavery, 1799.-Failure of similar attempt in Kentucky.-Colored citizens of Pennsylvania petition Congress against Fugitive Slave law and slave-trade-their petition referred to a committee; bill reported and passed, 1800.....

CHAPTER XXV.

403

POLITICAL HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES, FROM 1800 TO 1807. Slave population in 1800.-Georgia cedes territory-slavery clause.-Territory of Indiana-attempt to introduce Slavery in 1803-Petition Congress-Com. of H. R. report against it.-Session of 1804, committee report in favor of it, limited to ten years. No action on report.-Foreign slave-trade prohibited with Orleans Territory, 1804.-South Carolina revives slave-trade; the subject before Congress.New Jersey provides for gradual extinction of slavery, 1804.-Attempt to gradually abolish slavery in District of Columbia, unsuccessful in Congress.-Renewed attempt to introduce slavery into Territory of Indiana, 1806, unsuccessful.-Legislature of Territory in favor of it, 1807-Congressional committee report against it.-Jefferson's Message-recommendation to abolish African slave-trade-the subject before Congress-bill reported-the debate-Speeches of members-Act passed 1807, its provisions..

CHAPTER XXVI.

430

POLITICAL HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1807 TO 1820. Slave population in 1810.-Period of the war.-John Randolph's denunciations.— Proclamation of Admiral Cochrane to the slaves.-Treaty of Peace-arbitration on slave property.-Opinions of the domestic slave-trade by southern statesmen. -Constitution of Mississippi-slave provisions.-The African slave-trade and fugitive law.-Missouri applies for admission-proviso to prohibit slavery.-Debate-speeches of Fuller, Tallmadge, Scott, Cobb, and Livermore.-Proceedings, 1820.-Bill for organizing Arkansas Territory-proviso to prohibit slavery lost.Excitement in the North.-Public meetings.-Massachusetts memorial.-Resolutions of state legislatures of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Kentucky.-Congress-the Missouri struggle renewed.-The compromise.— Proviso to exclude slavery in territory north of 360 30' carried.-Proviso to prohibit slavery in Missouri lost.-Opinions of Monroe's cabinet.-Reflections of J. Q. Adams.-State Constitution of Missouri-final struggle.-Missouri admitted as a slave state.

CHAPTER XXVII.

PERIOD FROM 1820 TO 1825.-POLITICAL HISTORY OF SLAVERY.

Census of 1820.-Session of 1824-5.-Gov. Troup's demonstrations.-Georgia legis

447

lature Secession threatened.-Slaves in Canada-their surrender refused by Eng. land.-Citizens of District of Columbia petition for gradual abolition.-Census of 1830-Anti-slavery societies formed in the north-counter movements north and south. The mail troubles.-Manifesto of American Anti-slavery Society.-Petitions to congress-Discussion on the disposal of them.-Bill to prohibit the circulation of Anti-slavery publications through the mails.-Calhoun's report-Measure opposed by Webster, Clay, Benton, and others.-Buchanan, Tallmadge, &c., favor it-Bill lost.-Atherton's gag resolutions passed...............

CHAPTER XXVIII.

PERIOD FROM 1835 TO 1842.-POLITICAL HISTORY.

498

Free territory annexed to Missouri, 1836.-Texas applies for annexation.-Remonstrances.-Preston's resolution in 1838, in favor of it, debated by Preston, John Quincy Adams and Henry A. Wise.-The Amistad-Captives liberated.-Census of 1840.-Session of 1841-2.-Mr. Adams presents petition for dissolution of the Union.-Excitement in the house.-Resolutions of censure, advocated by Marshall.-Remarks of Mr. Wise and Mr. Adams.-Resolutions opposed by Underwood, of Kentucky, Botts, of Virginia, Arnold, of Tennessee, and others.-Mr. Giddings, of Ohio, presents a petition for amicable division of the Union-resolution of censure not received.-Case of the Creole.-Censure of Mr. Giddings; he resigns, is re-elected..... 511

CHAPTER XXIX.

PERIOD FROM 1842 TO 1849.-ANNEXATION OF TEXAS.

Object of the acquisition set forth by Mississippi, Alabama and Tennessee legislatures, and by Mr. Wise and Mr. Gilmer, 1842.-Tyler's treaty of annexation-rejected by the senate.-Presidential campaign of 1844.-Clay and Van Buren on annexation.-Calhoun's Letter.-Session of 1844-5; joint resolution passed, and approved March 1, 1845.-Mexican minister protests.-War with Mexico.-The $2,000,000 bill.-Wilmot Proviso.—Session of 1847–8.—Bill to organize Oregon territory. Power of Congress over slavery in the territories discussed,-Dix and Calhoun. Mr. Calhoun controverts the doctrines of the Declaration of Independence.-Cass' Nicholson letter....... ... 531

CHAPTER XXX.

POLITICAL HISTORY OF SLAVERY.-COMPROMISES OF 1850.

Message of President Taylor-Sam. Houston's propositions-Taylor's Special Message. -Mr. Clay's propositions for arrangement of slavery controversy.-His resolutions. Resolutions of Mr. Bell.-The debate on Clay's resolutions, by Rusk, Foote, of Mississippi, Mason, Jefferson Davis, King, Clay, and Butler.-Remarks of Benton, Calhoun, Webster, Seward, and Cass.-Resolutions referred.-Report of Committee. The omnibus bill.-California admitted.-New Mexico organized.-Texas boundary established.-Utah organized.-Slave-trade in the District of Columbia abolished.-Fugitive Slave law passed..........

563