The People V. Croucher. N'W YORK, believe that it has been with her consent. The passions July 1800. may be as warm in a girl of her age as in one of more advanced years, and with very little enticement she may have consented to become his mistress. If so, the law acquits him; for where consent is given after ten years of age, a rape cannot exist. But it is said her youth renders it impossible she should have been a lewd girl. Who is acquainted with the dissolute morals of our city, and does not know that females are to be found living in a state of open prostitution at the early ages of 12 and 13 years? I am not defending the conduct of the prisoner; I will suppose he is guilty of having most shamefully seduced and ruined the girl; but the moment common seduction is put upon the same footing, and confounded with rape, consequences the most dreadful are to be apprehended. Query? "The transaction took place in March, and we hear nothing of it in that month, nor until the middle of . June. This delay is not satisfactorily accounted for. If you admit of the excuse now given, that this concealment was owing to dread of the prisoner, you put an excuse into the mouth of every witness who may choose to appear, and commence a similar prosecution from personal motives or revenge," &c. Colden, Attorney General. It is admitted, that if the child is to be believed, that you must convict the prisoner. But the counsel say she is unworthy of credit, because no witnesses are brought to support her character. What does this require of us? That we should bring witnesses to prove that this infant was not lustful in her cradle. We have relied upon the natural pre sumption that a child of her age could not have any wan- N'W YORK, July, 1800. ton desires. If there are extraordinary instances of so early a birth of the passions, and this child is one of The People them, why has not the prisoner brought forth witnesses to prove her so? But two months or more elapsed before she complained. In answer to this objection, let it be first recollected, that during all this time she was living with the prisoner. Let his conduct to her be remembered: that he was forever beating her, turning her out of doors-driving her from her bed-always loading her with the most reproachful language. By such conduct he excited her fears to that degree, that, as the witness herself says, she could not cast her eyes upon him without feeling terrified. It is said by the counsel, that a jury cannot be justifiable in pronouncing a verdict against the prisoner in such * General Sessions, Sept. Term, 1823. Levi Washburn was indicted for an assault and battery, upon Mary Ann Gilbert, (who was about fifteen years of age,) on the 11th of July, 1823. She swore that the defendant assaulted, and had a connection with her, in the suburbs of the city, against her consent. It was contended, on the part of the defendant, that the story told by Mary-Ann was improbable, and that the connection was with her consent. The court had great doubts whether the passions had arrived to that maturity to authorize a supposition of a connection, of that nature, with her consent; she being very small of her age, and had few marks of puberty. The District Attorney pressed it in his argument to the jury; and the court observed to them, there was no definite time-it depended more upon the constitution and habits of body, than upon the age of the party. The jury, however, returned a verdict in favour of the defendant. V. Croucher. N'W YORK, a case, unless the testimony of the party ravished is corSept. 1800. roborated by other witnesses. Let us take this to be the The People law, and inquire how it applies to this case. V. Croucher. When you know that the prisoner has boasted that he made this child a whore-when we have heard his confession that he has had her in his bed-when you know that he has told of the difficulty with which he obtained his infernal gratification, can you say that you have no corroborative testimony? Benson, Justice. The prisoner at the bar stands indicted for the commission of a rape upon Margaret Miller. This crime, from the very nature of it, is apt to excite indignation in every breast; and when perpetrated on an infant of this age, that indignation becomes greater. It is, however, your duty to divest yourselves of all warmth and all prejudice, and to exercise your judgment upon this case in the most temperate manner. If it shall appear to you that the girl, young and unexperienced as she may be, yielded her consent, it is no rape, and you must pronounce the prisoner not guilty, however criminal in the eye of morality his conduct may be. The whole question will, I think, depend upon the credit which is to be given to her: if she is to be believed, there cannot be a doubt as to the prisoner's guilt. It is evident that there has been a connection between them, and the single question that remains is, whether it was against her consent. It is a circumstance that deserves your consideration, that a very long time elapsed after the commission of the fact, before she made any disclosure, and this, unless it can be satisfactorily accounted for, must undoubtedly detract much from her credibility. She attributed it to the terror which originally possessed her mind, and which she says continued as long as he fre- N'W YORK, quented the house of the person by whom she was adopt ed. The court cannot with propriety charge you, gentlemen, whether you ought, or ought not, to give credit to the principal witness: that is certainly your province. If, upon the whole, you shall think her worthy of credibility, you must say the prisoner at the bar is guilty; if otherwise, you are bound to acquit him. The jury immediately returned a verdict of guilty. Sept. 1800. The People V. Croucher. Present-Honourable Ogden Edwards, Circuit Judge. Aldermen Zabriske, Mann, Taylor and Mead. Hugh Maxwell, District Attorney, for the People. oner. The prisoner was put to the bar for trial, on an indictment for the murder of David Findlay. on the 16th of October, 1822. N'W YORK, V. The panel was called, and Mr. Nehemiah Merritt objected to being sworn on the jury. The ground of his The People objection was, that he belonged to the society called Quakers, the tenets of whose religion would not justify taking the life of any human being for any crime. On the authority of Palmer's case, (City-Hall Recorder, tit. Challenge,) he was unqualified to serve on the jury in a capital case. Ryan. Form of Challenge. John F. Sibell was called, who did not belong to the society of Friends, or Quakers, but who nevertheless had conscientious scruples against finding a verdict that would put in jeopardy the life of the prisoner. He was challenged by the counsel for the people, for "that John F. Sibell does not stand indifferent between the people of the state of New York and Jeremiah Ryan, the prisoner at the bar, and assigns for special cause, in support of the challenge to the said juror, that he cannot conscientiously find a verdict for the people which in its consequences takes away life." To this challenge the counsel for the prisoner demurred. The court decided against the demurrer, and the juror was sworn and took his seat. Maxwell, District Attorney, opened the case on the part of the people; he stated that the fact charged in the indictment would be proved principally by two witnesses; and that, unless the jury could discover some circumstances of mitigation, which reduced the grade of the offence, |