portant objectives of this Act. It is the intent of Congress that the Interstate System be completed as nearly as practicable over the period of availability of the thirty-four years' appropriations authorized for the purposes of expediting its construction, reconstruction, or improvement, inclusive of necessary tunnels and bridges, through the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990 under section 108(b) of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (70 Stat. 374), and that the entire System in all States be brought to simultaneous completion. Insofar as possible in consonance with this objective, existing highways located on an interstate route shall be used to the extent that such use is practicable, suitable, and feasible, it being the intent that local needs, to the extent practicable, suitable, and feasible, shall be given equal consideration with the needs of interstate commerce.55

It is further declared that since the Interstate System is now in the final phase of completion it shall be the national policy that increased emphasis be placed on the construction and reconstruction of the other Federal-aid systems in accordance with the first paragraph of this subsection, in order to bring all of the Federal-aid systems up to standards and to increase the safety of these systems to the maximum extent.56

(c) It is the sense of Congress that under existing law no part of any sums authorized to be appropriated for expenditure upon any Federal-aid system which has been apportioned pursuant to the provisions of this title shall be impounded or withheld from obligation, for purposes and projects as provided in this title, by any officer or employee in the executive branch of the Federal Government, except such specific sums as may be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, after consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, are necessary to be withheld from obligation for specific periods of time to assure that sufficient amounts will be available in the Highway Trust Fund to defray the expenditures which will be required to be made from such fund.57

(d) No funds authorized to be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund shall be expended by or on behalf of any Federal department, agency, or instrumentality other than the Federal Highway Administration unless funds for such expenditures are identified and included as a line item in an appropriation Act and are to meet obligations of the United States heretofore or hereafter incurred under this title attributable to the construction of Federal-aid highways or highway planning, research, or development, or as otherwise specifically authorized to be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund by Federal-aid highway legislation.58

Amended by sec. 3 of Public Law 88-423, Aug. 13, 1964 (78 Stat. 397); sec. 4(a) of Public Law 89-574, Sept. 13, 1966 (80 Stat. 766); sec. 4 (a) of Public Law 90-495, Aug. 23, 1968 (82 Stat. 815); sec. 104 (a) of Public Law 91-605; Dec. 31, 1970 (84 Stat. 1713); sec. 106(a) of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 253); and sec. 107(a) of Public Law 94-280, May 5, 1976 (90 Stat. 430).

5 Added by sec. 107 of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 254).
57 Amended by sec. 107 of Public Law 91-605, Dec. 31, 1970 (84 Stat. 1713).

68 New subsecs. (c) and (d) added by sec. 15 of Public Law 90-495, Aug. 23, 1968 (82 Stat. 815); and sec. 107 of Public Law 91-605, Dec. 31, 1970 (84 Stat. 1713).

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(e) It is the national policy that to the maximum extent possible the procedures to be utilized by the Secretary and all other affected heads of Federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities for carrying out this title and any other provision of law relating to the Federal highway programs shall encourage the substantial minimization of paperwork and interagency decision procedures and the best use of available manpower and funds so as to prevent needless duplication and unnecessary delays at all levels of } government.5

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Sec. 102. Authorizations.

The provisions of this title apply to all unappropriated authorizations contained in prior Acts, and also to all unexpended appropriations heretofore made, providing for the expenditure of Federal funds upon the Federalaid systems. All such authorizations and appropriations shall continue in full force and effect, but hereafter obligations entered into and expenditures made pursuant thereto shall be subject to the provisions of this title.

Sec. 103. Federal-aid systems.

(a) For the purposes of this title, the four Federal-aid systems, the primary system, the urban system, the secondary system, and the Interstate System, are established and continued pursuant to the provisions of this section.60

(b) (1) The Federal-aid primary system shall consist of an adequate system of connected main highways, selected or designated by each State through its State highway department, subject to the approval of the Secretary as provided by subsection (f) of this section. This system shall not exceed 7 per centum of the total highway mileage of such State, exclusive of mileage within national forests, Indian, or other Federal reservations and within urban areas, as shown by the records of the State highway department on November 9, 1921. Whenever provision has been made by any State for the completion and maintenance of 90 per centum of its Federal-aid primary system, as originally designated, said State through its State highway department by and with the approval of the Secretary is authorized to increase the mileage of its Federal-aid primary system by additional mileage equal to not more than 1 per centum of the total mileage of said State as shown by the records on November 9, 1921. Thereafter, it may make like 1 per centum increases in the mileage of its Federal-aid primary system whenever provision has been made for the completion and maintenance of 90 per centum of the entire system, including the additional mileage previously authorized. This system may be located both in rural and urban areas. The mileage limitations in this paragraph shall not apply to the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Alaska, or Puerto Rico.

"Added by sec. 108 of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 255).

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Amended by sec. 106(b) (3) of Public Law 91-605, Dec. 31, 1970 (84 Stat.

1713).

(2) After June 30, 1976, the Federal-aid primary system shall consist of an adequate system of connected main roads important to interstate, statewide, and regional travel, consisting of rural arterial routes and their extensions into or through urban areas. The Federal-aid primary system shall be designated by each State acting through its State highway department and where appropriate, shall be in accordance with the planning process pursuant to section 134 of this title, subject to the approval of the Secretary as provided by subsection (f) of this section.61

(c) (1) The Federal-aid secondary system shall be selected by the State highway departments and the appropriate local road officials in cooperation with each other, subject to approval by the Secretary as provided in subsection (f) of this section. In making such selections, farm-to-market roads, rural mail routes, public school bus routes, local rural roads, access roads to airports, county roads, township roads, and roads of the county road class may be included, so long as they are not on the Federal-aid primary system or the Interstate System. This system may be located both in rural and urban areas, but any extension of the system into urban areas shall be subject to the condition that such extension pass through the urban area or connect with another Federal-aid system within the urban area.62

(2) After June 30, 1976, the Federal-aid secondary system shall consist of rural major collector routes. The Federal-aid secondary system shall be designated by each State through its State highway department and appropriate local officials in cooperation with each other, subject to the approval of the Secretary as provided in subsection (f) of this section.63

(d) (1) The Federal-aid urban system shall be established in each urbanized area, and in such other urban areas as the State highway department may designate. The system shall be so located as to serve the major centers of activity, and shall include high traffic volume arterial and collector routes, including access roads to airports and other transportation terminals. No route on the Federal-aid urban system shall also be a route on any other Federal-aid system. Each route of the system to the extent feasible shall connect with another route on a Federal-aid system. Routes on the Federalaid urban system shall be selected by the appropriate local officials so as to serve the goals and objectives of the community, with the concurrence of the State highway departments, and, in urbanized areas, also in accordance with the planning process under section 134 of this title. Designation of the Federal-aid urban system shall be subject to the approval of the Secretary as provided in subsection (f) of this section. The provisions of chapters 1, 3, and 5 of this title that are applicable to Federal-aid primary highways

61 Added by sec. 148 (a) of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 274). 62 Amended by sec. 8(a) of Public Law 87-866, Oct. 23, 1962 (76 Stat. 1145); amended by sec. 106 (b) (1) of Public Law 91-605, Dec. 31, 1970 (84 Stat. 1713); and amended by sec. 148 (e) of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 274). 63 Added by sec. 148 (b) of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 274).

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shall apply to the Federal-aid urban system except as determined by the Secretary to be inconsistent with this subsection.64

(2) After June 30, 1976, the Federal-aid urban system shall be located in each urbanized area and such other urban areas as the State highway departments may designate and shall consist of arterial routes and collector routes, exclusive of urban extensions of the Federal-aid primary system. The routes on the Federal-aid urban system shall be designated by appropriate local officials, with the concurrence of the State highway departments, subject to the approval of the Secretary as provided in subsection (f) of this section, and in the case of urbanized areas shall also be in accordance with the planning process required pursuant to the provisions of section 134 of this title.65

(e) (1) The Interstate System shall be designated within the United States, including the District of Columbia, and, except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection, it shall not exceed forty-one thousand miles in total extent. It shall be so located as to connect by routes, as direct as practicable, the principal metropolitan areas, cities, and industrial centers, to serve the national defense, and to the greatest extent possible, to connect at suitable border points with routes of continental importance in the Dominion of Canada and the Republic of Mexico. The routes of this system, to the greatest extent possible, shall be selected by joint action of the State highway departments of each State and the adjoining States, subject to the approval by the Secretary as provided in subsection (f) of this section. All highways or routes included in the Interstate System as finally approved if not already coincident with the primary system, shall be added to said system without regard to the mileage limitation set forth in subsection (b) of this section. This system may be located both in rural and urban areas.

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(2) In addition to the mileage authorized by the first sentence of paragraph (1) of this subsection, there is hereby authorized additional mileage for the Interstate System of five hundred miles, to be used in making modifications or revisions in the Interstate System as provided in this paragraph. Upon the request of a State highway department the Secretary may with draw his approval of any route or portion thereof on the Interstate System within that State selected and approved in accordance with this title if he determines that such route or portion thereof is not essential to completion of a unified and connected Interstate System (including urban routes necessary for metropolitan transportation) and will not be constructed as a part of the Interstate System, and if he receives assurances that the State does not intend to construct a toll road in the traffic corridor which would be served by such route or portion thereof. After the Secretary has with

"Added by sec. 106(b)(1) of Public Law 91-605, Dec. 31, 1970 (84 Stat. 1713); renumbered by sec. 148 (c) of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 274) and amended by sec. 109(a) of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 255).

Added by sec. 148 (c) of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 274). "Amended by sec. 17(c) of Public Law 86-624, July 12, 1960 (74 Stat. 411); and sec. 14(a) of Public Law 90-495, Aug. 23, 1968 (82 Stat. 815); relettered by sec. 106(b)(1) of Public Law 91-605, Dec. 31, 1970 (84 Stat. 1713).

drawn his approval of any such route or portion thereof the mileage of such route or portion thereof and the additional mileage authorized by the first sentence of this paragraph shall be available for the designation of interstate routes, or portions thereof as provided in this subsection. The provisions of this title applicable to the Interstate System shall apply to all mileage designated under the third sentence of this paragraph. The Secretary shall not designate any Interstate route or portion thereof under authority of this paragraph after the date of enactment of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1978.67

(3) In addition to the mileage authorized by paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection, there is hereby authorized additional mileage of not to exceed 1,500 miles for the designation of routes in the same manner as set forth in paragraph (1), in order to improve the efficiency and service of the Interstate System to better accomplish the purposes of that System.

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(4) Upon the joint request of a State Governor and the local governments concerned, the Secretary may withdraw his approval of any route or portion thereof on the Interstate System which is within an urbanized area or which passes through and connects urbanized areas within a State and which was selected and approved in accordance with this title, if he determines that such route or portion thereof is not essential to completion of a unified and connected Interstate System and if he receives assurances that the State does not intend to construct a toll road in the traffic corridor which would be served by the route or portion thereof. When the Secretary withdraws his approval under this paragraph, a sum equal to the Federal share of the cost to complete the withdrawn route or portion thereof, as that cost is included in the latest Interstate System cost estimate approved by Congress, subject to increase or decrease, as determined by the Secretary based on changes in construction costs of the withdrawn route or portion thereof as of the date of enactment of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1976 or the date of approval of each substitute project under this paragraph, whichever is later, and in accordance with the design of the route or portion thereof that is the basis of the latest cost estimate, shall be available to the Secretary to incur obligations for the Federal share of either public mass transit projects involving the construction of fixed rail facilities or the purchase of passenger equipment including rolling stock, for any mode of mass transit, or both, or projects authorized under any highway assistance program under section 103 of this title; or both, which will serve the urbanized area and the connecting nonurbanized area corridor from which the Interstate route or portion thereof

67 New subsec. (d)(2) added by Public Law 90–238, Jan. 2, 1968 (81 Stat. 772); and amended by sec. 21 of Public Law 90-495. Aug. 23, 1968 (82 Stat. 815); relettered by sec. 106(b)(1) of Public Law 91-605, Dec. 31, 1970 (84 Stat. 1713): amended by sec. 137 (a) of Public Law 93-87, Aug. 13, 1973 (87 Stat. 269); amended by sec. 125(a) of Public Law 93-643, Jan. 4, 1975 (88 Stat. 2290): amended by secs. 109(a) and 111(a) of Public Law 94-280, May 5, 1976 (90 Stat. 431 and 433); amended by sec. 107(a)(1), Public Law 95-599, Nov. 6. 1978 (92 Stat. 2694).

'New subsec. (d)(3) added by sec. 14(b) of Public Law 90-495, Aug. 23, 1968 (82 Stat. 815).