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3. Inability to obtain work.

4. Performance of work separate from a family.

5. Sudden discharge of bodies of labourers and handicrafts in ma. nufactures, by failure of the principals or stagnation of trade.

6. Labourers discharged from canals and other public works when finished.

7. Gardeners, bricklayers, shoemakers, and other mechanics and labourers prevented from working during severe frosts.

8. A general stagnation of trade or manufactures.

9. Scarcity and sudden advance of the necessaries of life.

10. Wives and children of soldiers embarked on foreign service. 11. Wives and children of marines and seamen on service.

12. Soldiers, marines, seamen, and militia, discharged after war, and not immediately getting employment.

13. Servants out of place with good character, but unable to obtain employment.

14. Temporary sickness when there is no surplus labour.

15. Lying-in expenses.

16. Temporary lameness,

17. Funeral expenses of a wife or child.

18. Loss of a husband or father.

19. Loss by fire or other casualties.

20. Loss of a cow, horse, or other useful animals.

21. Losses in trade by producing bankruptcy without fault or reproach.

Culpable Causes of Indigence.

1. Vicious and immoral habits.

2. Idleness.

3. Carelessness.

4. Prodigality.

5. Want of frugal habits.

6. Dissipation.

7. Drunkenness.

8. Abandoning a helpless family.

9. Trusting to parish maintenance.

10. Spending earnings in alehouse.

11. Making no provision for a family, having the means; or making an inadequate provision.

14. Female prostitution, producing loss of character, disease, and the means of obtaining work.

15. Contracting debts, without the ability of paying.

16. Fraudulent bankruptcy.

17. Fraudulent lottery insurance.

18. Systematic idleness, leading the lives of gypsies, and others wandering as such, and assuming their manners.

19. Commission of crimes, producing loss of character, and consequently of employment.

In considering the innocent causes of indigence thus exhibited in one collected view, it will be seen, that the cases requiring constant and permanent support are few in number, compared with those where well-timed props would restore to society great multitudes, who, it is much to be feared, under the present system of management, become permanent burdens on the public. Culpable indigence can scarcely find any remedy, except in the improvement of the morals of the vulgar.

NAVAL VICTORIES, NO. IN

Battle off Cape St. Vincent.

We have seen how providentially the victory gained by Lord Howe happened when it was most wanted, to quell the pride of the repub licans: the renown of this great action was not suffered to decay; in all the encounters which followed, whether between single ships or detached squadrons, St. George's red cross still triumphed over the tri-color of anarchy. But the lesson France had received was still to be taught to those neighbouring states who had degraded themselves to fight under her banner. It was for some time delayed; however, when it came it was a severe one. Spain had in the first instance offered a feeble and ill-combined resistance to the revolutionary armies; but she was awed by their first success into submission, and that high Castilian pride which for centuries had so nobly maintained itself, stooped to an alliance with the base progeny of the Revolution. Spain has always been remarkable for possessing the largest and worst-appointed ships in Europe: those ponderous vessels which formed the boast of her Invincible Armada were scarcely more unwieldy than the huge three and four deckers which they have recently constructed. Our Drakes and our Frobishers then shewed how unavailing these floating castles were against British courage and enterprise; and the Jervises and Nelsons of our own day have told over again the same story.

In the beginning of the year 1797, the Spaniards had sent a powerful fleet to sea, for the purpose of affording to their new republican allies all the benefit of their clumsy co-operation. One four-decker of 136 guns, six three-deckers of 112, two 84's, and eighteen 74 s,—in all twenty-seven ships of the line, with ten frigates, and a brig, formed a fleet powerful enough, it was thought, to crush the British Squadron, which, under the command of Sir John Jervis, was waiting off the coast of Portugal; so at least the Spanish Adiniral, Don Joseph de Cordova, persuaded himself, when he learned from an Ame rican that the English had only nine ships of the line, which was actually the case when this American saw them; for Admiral Parker had not then joined with a reinforcement of five ships from England, and the Culloden had parted company.

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When the morning of the 14th of February broke, and discovered the British fleet, a fog for some time concealed their numbers. The look-out ship of the Spaniards, fancying her signal was disregarded because so little notice was taken of it, made another signal that the English fleet consisted of forty sail of the line. The Captain afterwards said he did this to rouse the Admiral; but it had the effect of perplexing him, and alarming the whole fleet. The absurdity of such an act shews what was the real state of discipline in the Spanish

navy.

The British Admiral had but fifteen sail of the line in all, with four frigates, a sloop, and a cutter. He was not, however, to be scared either by the number or bulk of his opponents. Before they could form in order of battle, he came up with them, passed through their fleet, and then tacked, so as to cut off nine of their ships from the main body. These ships attempted to form in line on the larboard tack, either for the purpose of passing through the British line or to leeward, of it, and thus regaining their friends. But one of them succeeded in this attempt, and that only because she was so covered with smoke, that her intention was not observed till she had reached the rear; the others were so warmly received, that they put about, took to flight, and did not appear again in the action. The Admiral was now able to direct his attention to the main body of the enemy, which was still superior to his whole fleet, both in number and weight of metal. He made signals to tack in succession. Nelson (whose broad pendant as Commodore was hoisted on board the Captain, 74), was stationed in the rear of the British line, where he could observe that the Spaniards were bearing up before the wind, and might possibly get away without an engagement. To prevent this, instead of tacking, he ordered his ship to be wore, and thus brought himself into the hottest part of the enemy's fleet. Trowbridge, in the Culloden, immediately joined, and nobly supported him; and for nearly an hour did these two ships sustain a conflict with six of the largest Spaniards. The Blenheim then came to their assistance, and was followed by Collingwood, in the Excellent. It was on this occasion the gallantry of Nelson became so conspicuous. His ship had been rendered a mere wreck; she had lost her fore-top mast; not a sail, shrouds, or rope was left, and her wheel was shot away. In this situation, Nelson gave orders for the boarders to be summoned, and at their head he carried the San Nicolas of 80 guns, the ship to which he was immediately opposed. As soon as the English were in possession of every part of the ship, a fire opened upon them from the stern gallery of the San Josef, a first-rate which had fallen on board the San Nicolas. Nelson, with his characteristic promptitude, assailed at once his new antagonist, and in a few minutes succeeded in the extraordinary enterprise of carrying one Spanish ship from the deck of another.

The Spaniards had still eighteen or nineteen ships which had suffered little or no injury; Sir John Jervis, therefore, now made the signal to bring to, in order to secure his prizes. The Spanish Admiral, mean

time, consulted his captains whether he should renew the action. Of the whole number, two only were for fighting; the rest positively declined to begin again. Thus Sir John Jervis had the satisfaction of bringing his prizes safe into harbour, and for this great service was created Earl St. Vincent,

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

The freedom with which revolutionary doctrines are now maintained seems to shew that the horrible evils resulting to every nation which has adopted them are well nigh forgotten in England; for else the recollection of those awful events which took place in France would be sufficient to check their progress in this country. We have for some time contemplated the expediency of recalling to the memory of our readers some of the principal transactions of the French Revolution, in order to shew what would be the infallible consequences of a revolution here. Many mistaken people suppose that a Revolution among Englishmen would be quite another thing; and that, even in the height of the struggle, we should never be guilty of the enormous crimes of the French Jacobins. We would earnestly entreat our countrymen not to delude themselves with this false hope. Mob is a monster bearing the same hideous features, the same savage heart in all countries. A walk through Cato-street may help to remind us of this truth. If ever the glorious fabric of the British constitution should be levelled with the dust; if the King should be hurled from his throne, and the Radicals should be permitted to usurp the government, be assured the streets of London and Liverpool are destined to witness the same dreadful scenes which a few years ago plunged the cities of Paris and Lyons in the deepest despair, while their channels streamed with blood, and the guillotine and the dagger became rivals in massacre.

As a prelude to a connected account of the principal events of the French Revolution, we now present our readers with the beautiful proof of affection which Louis XVI. bequeathed to his ungrateful subjects by his last will and testament.

We have added the eloquent testimony of M. de Malesherbes (his faithful advocate) which he pronounced upon his beloved King at the moment he received the fatal tidings of his execution.

These pieces must be read with anxious interest by every friend to his country.

The Last Will and Testament of Lewis the Sixteenth.

"In the name of the Holy Trinity, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. This day, the 21st day of December 1792, I, Lewis the Sixteenth, King of France, having been for more than four months

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shut up with my family in the tower of the Temple, by those who were my subjects, and deprived of every communication, even with my family, since the 11th of this month; and being moreover involved in a trial, of which, from the passions of men, it is impossible to foresee the event; and for which neither pretext nor precedent can be found in any existing law: having no witness of my thoughts but God, and no one but him to whom I can address myself, I here declare, in his presence, my last will and sentiments.

"I recommend my soul to God my Creator, beseeching him to receive it in his mercy, and not to judge me according to my merits, but according to the merits of Jesus Christ our Lord, who offered himself as a sacrifice to God his father for the human race, unworthy as we are, I myself in particular. I die in the communion of our Holy Mother, the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman Church, which holds its powers by an uninterrupted succession from St. Peter, to whom Jesus Christ intrusted them. I firmly believe all that is contained in the Apostle's Creed, and in the Commandments of God and the Church; in the sacraments and mysteries as the Catholic Church teaches and has always taught. I have never presumed to make myself a judge of the different manners of explaining the doctrines which divide the Church of Jesus Christ, but I have always adhered to, and if it pleases: God to prolong my life, shall always abide by, the decisions which the superior ecclesiastics, in union with the Holy Church, have given, according to the discipline observed since Jesus Christ. I lament, with my whole heart, those of my brethren of mankind who are in error, but do not presume to judge them; and I do not the less love them all in Jesus Christ, as Christian charity enjoins. I implore God to pardon all my sins. I have endeavoured scrupulously to know them, to detest them, and to humble myself in the presence of the Almighty. Not having it in my power to avail myself of the ministry of a Catholic priest, I pray God to receive the confession which I have made to him; above all, my deep repentance for having signed my name (although against my will) to acts contrary to the discipline and belief of the Catholic Church, to which my heart has ever been sincerely united. I beseech God to accept my firm resolution of taking the first opportunity in my power of making a full confession of my sins to a Catholic priest, and of receiving the sacrament of penitence. I beg all those whom I have offended, through inadvertency, (for I do not recollect having ever intentionally offended any one,) and also those to whom I may have given a bad example, to forgive me for the evil which such conduct may have produced. I beseech all those who are endowed with charity to join their prayers with mine, to obtain of God the pardon of my iniquities. I pardon, with my whole heart, those who have become my enemies without a cause, and I pray God to pardon them; as also those who, from false or mistaken zeal, have done me the greatest injuries.

"I recommend to God my wife, my children, my sister, my aunts, my brothers, and all those who are attached to me by the ties of blood, or in any manner whatsoever. I earnestly entreat of God to

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