be considered public property, and should never be built upon by Bostwick, or any one claiming under him. The deed and bond were duly executed and recorded. Six years afterwards, Miller conveyed the west tract to the complainant, except a small piece a rod wide, at the northern end of the tract, which had been previously sold to another person. The complainant alleged that Miller had told him of the bond, and that the keeping the triangular lot free from buildings was the inducement to him, the complainant, to buy the tract. The complainant erected a dwelling on his lot, and made improvements thereon. Eight years thereafter, in 1831, the trustees of the Baptist Society, desiring to enlarge their building, bordering on the triangular piece, obtained quitclaim deeds to twelve feet. thereof from Miller, and the heirs and representatives of Bostwick, then deceased, and proceeded, against the complainant's objection, in the extension of their building. An injunction having been obtained to restrain the trustees from further operation, this motion was now made to dissolve the same.

H. Bleecker, for the complainant.

W. H. Seward, contra.

The CHANCELLOR. In this case it is evident, from the admissions in the answers, that the agreement to keep the triangular lot clear of buildings, and the agreement for the purchase of the lands conveyed by Bostwick to Miller by the deed of July, 1816, formed one entire contract, although embraced in different instruments. In Jackson v. Dunsbagh, 1 Johns. Cas. 91, the supreme court of this state decided that separate deeds or instruments, executed at the same time and in relation to the same subjectmatter, might be taken together and construed as one instrument. That decision was founded in good sense, and is supported by the authority of the case of Taylor ex dem. Alkyns v. Horde, 1 Burr. 107. In the last case, Lord Mansfield says, in relation to two separate deeds of the same date: "The internal evidence of the thing itself speaks them to be one transaction, and the same to all intents and purposes as if expressed in one instrument." In Van Horne v. Crain, 1 Paige, 455, this court applied the same principle to two separate instruments executed at the same time, by one of which a lot of land was conveyed for the purpose of a mill site, and the other one secured the right to a small piece of land upon an adjoining lot containing a spring and run of water, which were wanted for the use of the mills. In the case under consideration, the object of the

bond was not to secure a personal right to Miller to have the triangle kept open, without reference to the benefit he expected to receive thereby as the owner of the lands conveyed to him by the deed. It was an easement or privilege annexed to those lands; and if he had reconveyed the whole of the land to Bostwick, his right to recover for a breach of the condition of the bond would have become extinct: 3 Kent Com. 449; Ersk. Princ. 218, 227. The right thus granted was the servitude non officiendi luminibus vel prospectui of the Roman law, or the right of the owner of the lands to which it is appurtenant to restrain the owner of the servient tenement from making any erection thereon which may injure the light or prospect of the dominant tenant, or any part thereof.

Rights of this description, denominated predial servitudes in the civil law, and by our law termed easements, are attached to the estate, and not to the person of the owner of the dominant tenement; and they follow that estate into the hands of the assignee thereof. So, on the other hand, they are a charge upon the estate or property of the servient tenement, and follow it into the hands of any person to whom such tenement or any part thereof is subsequently conveyed: 3 Kent Com. 420; Code Nap., art. 686; Inst. Civ. Law of Spain, 139. As the right is annexed to the estate, for the benefit of which the easement or servitude is created, the right is not destroyed by a division of the estate to which it is appurtenant. And the owner or assignee of any portion of that estate may claim the right, so far as it is applicable to his part of the property, provided the right can be enjoyed us to the separate parcels without any additional charge or burden to the proprietor of the servient tenement. The same principle is applied by the courts of law to covenants which run with the land. And the assignee of the whole estate in a part of the premises may recover in his own name, as such assignee, for a breach of the covenant as to that part, provided the covenant is in its nature divisible: Shep. Touch. 199; Conan v. Kemise, Sir W. Jones' Rep. 245. In the language of a distinguished common law judge," they stick so fast to the thing on which they wait, that they follow every particle of it:" See Wilmot's Opin. 346. As the right to have the triangular lot kept open for the benefit of the dominant tenement was appurtenant to every part of the premises conveyed to Miller, to which that privilege could be of any possible use, Hills, by the purchase of that portion of those premises which lies directly opposite the triangle, became, in

equity at least, the assignee of that privilege or easement pro

lanto.

Miller admits, in his answer, that he had informed the complainant of the right he had secured, by the bond of Bostwick, to prevent the erection of any building on the triangular piece of land; and that this information was given pending the negotiation for a sale to the complainant, as commending the purchase of that part of the premises which was subsequently bought by him. If the privilege was of no value to that part of the property, the mention of the fact of the bond would have been no commendation; and if it was calculated to enhance the value of the property in the opinion of the purchaser, it would be inequitable to permit the seller to release the right he had secured by the bond, after he had by that means induced the complainant to become the buyer. If such a privilege did increase the value of the property or render its possession more desirable, either in reference to its present or future use for village lots, the legal presumption is that the purchaser took that privilege into the account in deciding upon the expediency of taking the property at the price he concluded to give. The complainant is therefore equitably entitled to the benefit of the stipulations in the bond, so far as is necessary to secure to him the privilege, as appurtenant to that part of the premises. As against the present or any future owners of the land still held by Miller, the trustees of the Baptist church have secured the right to extend their building on to the triangle to the extent of twelve feet. But as they made that arrangement with full knowledge of the equitable claim of Hills, they can not without his consent be permitted to erect a building on any part of the triangle, to the injury of his part of the adjacent property held under the deed from Bostwick to Miller.

From the answer of the defendants, and from a view of the several localities about this triangle as exhibited by the maps, I confess it appears to me that the complainant is a little unreasonable in refusing this privilege to a respectable congregation of Christians, who wish to enlarge their church by extending it only a few feet into this vacant lot, unless, indeed, the object of this suit is to settle his rights as to the future occupation of the residue of the triangle. But the same principle which would authorize this court to disregard his rights for this object, would render it equally proper for the court to disregard them if the object of the defendants was to erect a "Hall of Science," or a Turkish mosque. And for aught I can know, judicially,

the contemplated building may be as offensive to the complainant as an edifice of either of the descriptions supposed would unquestionably be to his pious neighbors who now wish to worship there. However unreasonable I may suppose the complainant to be, in this instance, if he has rights they are guaranteed to him by the constitution, and he can not be deprived of them even for a public benefit, except by due course of law, and upon receiving a just compensation therefor. The legislature has not deemed it expedient to authorize the taking of private property for such an object; and until they do so he can not be deprived of his rights without his consent.

The application to dissolve the injunction must therefore be denied.

TWO INSTRUMENTS EXECUTED AT THE SAME TIME, between the same parties, and relating to the same subject-matter, are to be construed together as forming but one contract: Jackson v. McKenny, 20 Am. Dec. 690; Clap v. Draper, 3 Id. 215; Rexford v. Marquis, 7 Lans. 261; Mott v. Richtmyer, 57 N. Y. 65; Mann v. Whitbeck, 17 Barb. 393; Edgell v. Hart, 9 N. Y. 216; Flagg v. Munger, Id. 488; Bonesteel v. Mayor of N. Y., 6 Bosw. 563.

SERVITUDE DEFINED: Taylor v. Hampton, 17 Am. Dec. 710.

EASEMENT, HOW MAY BE DESTROYED: Taylor v. Hampton, 17 Am. Dec. 710; by a union of the dominant and servient estates: Marshall v. Guion, 11 N. Y. 471.

Cited as authority that where the owner of a tract of land sells a part bounding it by the center of a street laid out on a map of the tract, the grantee is entitled to the right of way over the land marked on the map as a street: Taylor v. Hopper, 62 N. Y. 650; Lawrence v. Mayor of New York, 2 Barb. 580; and in regard to easements created by deed passing by assignment, in Trustees v. Lynch, 70 N. Y. 452; Brouwer v. Jones, 23 Barb. 161; Child v. Chappell, 9 N. Y., 255; Wood v. Seely, 32 Id. 116; Perkins v. Coddington, 4 Rob. 651; and that a covenant by a grantor or grantee not to erect certain or any buildings on lots adjacent to the tract conveyed runs with the land, and will be enforced in equity: Trustees of Watertown v. Cowen, 4 Paige, 515; Barrow v. Richard, 8 Id. 356; S. C., 3 Edw. 109; Seymour v. McDonald, 4 Sandf. Ch. 508; Stewart v. Winters, Id. 590; Brouwer v. Jones, 23 Barb. 161; Rose v. Bunn, 21 N. Y. 278, where the principle was applied to an easement of pasturage: Tallmadge v. East River Bank, 26 Id. 210.

EVERY PART OF THE SERVIENT TENEMENT is as much bound as the whole of the original premises were, and every part of the dominant tenement is entitled to claim the benefit of the charge against the premises bound: Adams v. Van Alstyne, 25 N. Y. 236.

FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH IN HARTFORD V. WITH

ERELL.

(3 PAIGE CH. 296.]

PROPERTY HELD IN TRUST FOR AN UNINCORPORATED RELIGIOUS SOCIETY vests in the corporation whenever the requisites of the statute are complied with so as to render them legally competent to take property in their corporate capacity.

THE CHURCH CONSISTS of persons who have made a public profession of religion, and who are associated together by a covenant of church-fellowship for the purpose of celebrating the sacrament, and watching over the spiritual welfare of each other.

A CONGREGATION IS A VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION of individuals or families, united for the purpose of having a common place of worship, to provide a proper teacher to instruct them in religious doctrines and duties, to administer the ordinance of baptism, etc.

MEMBERS OF THE CHURCH HAVE NO OTHER OR GREATER RIGHTS as corporators than any other members of the society who statedly attend with them for the purposes of divine worship.

LEGAL TRIBUNALS HAVE NO JURISDICTION OVER THE CHURCH as such, except so far as is necessary to protect the civil rights of others, and to preserve the public peace.

THE CHURCH JUDICATORIES DETERMINE ALL QUESTIONS relating to the faith and practice of the church and its members, but can not interfere with the temporal concerns of the congregation or society with which the church is connected.

MEMBERS OF THE CHURCH EXCLUDED FOR HERESY may still not only be voters as members of the congregation, but may be also elected trustees, and have the management of the temporal concerns of the congregation.

THE CHURCH JUDICATORIES can not remove a minister without the consent of a majority of the members of the congregation, or of their legally constituted trustees, if they are incorporated.

THE GRANT OF A PEW IN PERPETUITY does not give to the owner an absolute right of property, but simply entitles him to the use of the pew, for the purpose of sitting there during divine service.

PEW OWNER MAY MAINTAIN CASE, TRESPASS, OR EJECTMENT, according to circumstances, if he is improperly disturbed in his right to the use of the pew.

WHETHER CHANCERY CAN INTERFERE to prevent changes in the doctrines or modes of worship from those as originally established by a religious society, quære.

BILL for an injunction to restrain the defendants from occupying the pulpit of the First Baptist Church in Hartford, or impeding the complainants from celebrating divine worship, and from using or interfering with the temporalities of the church; also praying that the custody and control of the meeting-house and other temporalities of the church might be de