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have already had occasion to consider it in its relations to the fact of redemption; we have yet to complete the analysis from other points of view.

The first two Gospels say nothing as to the object of the institution of the Lord's Supper. The words of Jesus reported by them, simply set forth the purpose of his death, and designate the bread and wine which he gave to his disciples as his body and blood. They give us no authority for so combining these two facts, that there should result from them the idea of a bond of causality between the material participation of the elements and the forgiveness of sins. In this respect, we should be unquestionably wrong to adopt here an explanation which has been found inadmissible in reference to baptism. Matthew, in adding the express charge that all the disciples should drink of the cup, and Mark, in relating that they actually did so, seem to convey the idea that, in the mind of the Saviour, this common participation was one of the elements in the significance of the rite; in other words, we hold that the communion of believers with each other, so naturally and aptly represented by a brotherly meal, consecrated by the remembrance of the Master, entered essentially into the choice of the form of the sacrament. So, at least, the apostles seem to have understood it.

But this is assuredly not all; it is not even the principal end in view. The two other narratives add these words of Jesus: "This do in remembrance of me." The meaning of this saying cannot be restricted to a mere retrospective and verbal commemoration. Jesus had not to fear being forgotten by his disciples. Beyond doubt, the words institute a closer bond between himself and them, a bond of personal attachment which did not and could not belong to the sphere of memory alone, as the brotherhood of which we just now spoke would not be adequately represented as a mere association of benevolence and mutual help. Unless we are strangely mistaken in the meaning of the Saviour's words, he instituted the Lord's Supper as a permanent symbol of the faith which should unite his disciples to himself in the closest and strongest of bonds. Just as baptism has especial reference to the first elements of the new life, repentance and conversion, while recognizing also the crowning necessity of faith, so the Lord's Supper stands in especial relation to the latter, while implying that it also rests upon the indispensable basis of conversion. Each believer thus appropriates the benefit obtained by the death of Christ, and of which mention is made in the words instituting the ordinance. This benefit is an abiding grace in the soul, and realization through faith of abiding union with Christ; and this inward reality is to be outwardly witnessed by a participation, constantly renewed, of the memorials of the Lord's death till he come.

The Notes of Mr. Dale add nothing to the worth of this book. They are simply denials of what is said in the text.

Flowers and Fruits from the Wilderness; or, Thirty-six Years in Texas and Ten Years in Honduras. By Z. N. MORRELL, an old Texan. Boston: Gould and Lincoln. 1873. Duodecimo, pp. 386.

Mr. Morrell tells the story of his life in a manner which sufficiently accounts for his success in the difficult but attractive work of a pioneer preacher. As a history of facts connected with the planting of the Baptist churches in Texas, the book has a permanent value. Some of the incidents find parallels in older communities:

...

These gamblers have some redeeming traits of character which I will now illustrate by a single incident, which occurred shortly after the events just recorded. . . . A family came out to Texas in 1838, from one of the Northern States. The husband and father died with the yellow fever on the way from Houston to Washington. The widow, with four or five children, arrived in town, and notified us that the money intended to pay the freight on their household goods was expended in providing for their sick, and in burying the deceased husband. Here was a case demanding the sympathy and active aid of the servants of Christ. There were only a few Christian people in the place at the time, and we needed more money than

they were well able to give. Looking over the list, I found four Baptists, one Methodist, and one Presbyterian. Others had been there, but were not present that day. Two subscriptions were made out; one to be circulated among the moral and religious men of the community, and one for that numerous band that were on some occasions such a terror to us. . . . The king of the band was Captain James Cook, who had proved himself a man of great daring at the battle of San Jacinto. . . . The subscription was given to him, with the statement that his brethren were more numerous than ours, and that the widow was in great distress. Sixteen hundred dollars had been stolen from me the week before, and this I ventured to state to him was in the possession of some of his men. Giving this matter my personal attention, I only raised twenty dollars. Captain Cook raised eighty dollars in a very short time, and left it at the store, with his compliments to the poor widow and orphans, stating that if more was needed, more could be had from the same source. He said further, addressing himself to me, "That fellow that stole your sixteen hundred dollars came right over and lost it all among us. We were not aware of the fact at the time; but had it not been for that we would all have been out of money by this time. We of course can afford to be liberal under the circumstances."

Autology: An Inductive System of Mental Science; Whose Centre is the Will, and whose Completion is the Personality. A Vindication of the Manhood of Man, the Godhood of God, and Divine Authorship of Nature. By REV. D. H. HAMILTON, D. D. Boston: Lee and Shepard. 1873.

This solid octavo of more than 700 pages, both for itself and for its theme, deserves an extended and careful treatment which we cannot now give it. We therefore content ourselves with a full statement of the title, commending the volume to the examination of our readers, and shall endeavor to discuss the work somewhat at length in an early number of the QUARTERLY.

Hand-Book of Moral Philosophy. By REV. HENRY CALDERWOOD, LL. D., Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Edinburgh. London: Macmillan and Company. 1872.

Dr. Calderwood is already favorably known in this country, by his Philosophy of the Infinite." The Hand-Book is "an exposition and defence of the Institutional Theory of Morals, with the criticisms of Utilitarianism." It aims "to present the chief problems of ethical science; to give an outline of discussion under each; . . . . and to afford a guide for private study by references to the Literature of the Science." The three main divisions of the work are, "Psychology of Ethics;' "Metaphysics of Ethics;" "Applied Ethics." Its references to the literature of the science are judiciously made, and constitute a specially valuable feature.

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How did Christ Rank the Proofs of His Mission? By GEORGE RENAUD, M. A. Late Fellow of C. C. C., Oxford. London : Hatchards, Piccadilly. 1872.

This little volume sufficiently indicates its aim by its title. More than half the book consists of a collection of passages from Christ's teachings, with a brief discussion of each. Its value consists mainly in

its proposal of an untrodden line of investigation. It is, as the author. says, "reasonable to hear what the Founder of the Christian Religion. says upon the point" of the comparative value of the Christian evidences. His conclusions are as follows: 1. "The lowest evidence seems to be that of miracles." 2. "Closely connected with miracles is the kindred evidence of prophecy." 3. "The propagation of Christianity, viewed as a spiritual work only, and the moral effects of Christianity rank above miracles, and above prophecy also, as evidence." 4. "The highest of all evidence the Saviour finds in his own words, as a manifestation of his own personality."

The Doctrine of the Lord's Supper as set Forth in the Book of Concord, Critically Examined, and its Fallacy Demonstrated. By REV. J. B. GROSS. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company. 1873. Duodecimo, pp. 191.

This work discusses, in a feeble and unsatisfactory manner, the doctrine of the Real Presence. The arguments are not new, and are poorly presented. We have known some incongruous applications of the hymn, "My Country 'tis of Thee," but never expected to see it as the close of a treatise on sacramentarianism.

The Annihilation of the Wicked Scripturally Considered. By REV. W. MCDONALD. New York: Carlton and Lanahan. Duodecimo, pp. 99.

The Scriptural and philosophical arguments against a common and very baneful error are here presented with clearness and vigor. Not the least valuable part of the book is an essay by the Rev. W. D. Clark, D. D., on the "Twofold Nature of Man Psychologically Considered."

Lectures, by the late John M'Clintock, D. D., LL. D., on Theological Encyclopædia and Methodology. Edited by JOHN T. SHORT, B. D. With an introduction by JAMES STRONG, S. T. D. Cincinnati : Hitchcock and Walden. Duodecimo, pp. 202.

A good theological encyclopædia in English is so much needed, that for any attempt by a competent person to supply the deficiency, we have words of commendation only. The volume before us comprises a great deal of valuable information, and will be a good guide, to a certain extent, to the theological student. It labors under the very great disadvantage of being a posthumous publication, it has had no proper supervision in passing through the press, and the literature of the subject is not brought down to the present time. Wherever, for example, the word Ante-Nicene occurs, it is printed Anti-Nicene, and the best commentaries on the Psalms are said to be Hengstenberg's and Alexander's.

One of Dr. M'Clintock's coadjutors might easily remedy the more obvious deficiences of the book, and, for the sake of the work and the author, we hope this will be done.

The Foreign Missionary; his Field and Work. By REV. M. J. KNOWLTON, D. D., Missionary to China. Philadelphia: Bible and Publication Society. Duodecimo, pp. 228.

In a plain and sensible manner Dr. Knowlton discusses the Foreign Missionary Work in its various relations. Eighteen years' faithful labor as a missionary in Asia, gives him a right to speak on the important topics he has chosen as themes. The Premium Tract, "China as a Mission Field," is inserted in the volume.

Pater Mundi; or, Doctrine of Evolution. Being in substance Lectures delivered in various Colleges and Theological Seminaries. By REV. E. F. BURR, D. D. Second Series. Boston: Noyes, Holmes and Company. Duodecimo, pp. 303.

The thousands of readers of the former works of Dr. Burr, will welcome this little treatise from his pen which here confutes, in a manner at once philosophical and popular, the doctrine of evolution. He first explains the views which are held by the advocates of the Development Hypothesis, examines the arguments which are urged in favor of this scheme and then shows that this system is in conflict with geology, with the science of probabilities and with solar, stellar, and nebular astronomy. The concluding paragraph of the book is as follows:

This is the higher philosophy. And yet it is the philosophy with which we started in life. From the dear lips of sainted fathers and mothers we long ago heard of Him "who spake and it was done, who commanded and it stood fast." And now that we have lived to lift for ourselves just a corner of the veil which screens the magnificence of Nature, we see no reason to go back on the teachings of our childhood, but rather reason to say that such wonders can only be creatures of law by being at first hand creatures of God. Creatures of God let us call them and so repeat the venerable traditions. Creatures of God let us call them-and so affirm anew the grandest and most useful fact the world has ever known. Creatures of God let us call them-and so put our science at one with the religion that has ever been saying, "We understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear." Creatures of God let us call them and so have a chart by which we can easily find our way in the darkest night and under clouds of swollen canvas, not only amid the shining Polynesias of the sky, but also amid the more difficult and more shining Micronesias of organism and spirit that so thickly spangle the floods and fields of our own world; and the smallest of whose glorious islands, whether constellated below or constellated above, is both a mystery and a breaker, save in the light of GOD.

Origin and History of the New Testament. By JAMES MARTIN, B. A. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Duodecimo, pp. 246.

This unpretending little manual is designed for those who have not the larger treatises of Bleek, Westcott, Davidson, and others. Mr.

Martin is well acquainted with the literature of the theme which he takes in hand, and he has given in a small compass the results of extensive reading. The origin of the New Testament writings is first discussed; the Epistles of Paul in the order in which they were written, of Peter, James, Jude, and John; then the historical books, and lastly, the Apocalypse. In Part II there is a concise account of the collection and determination of the canonical writings, of the manuscripts and versions of received text, and of the English translations. The appendix describes the apocryphal Gospels and Acts. We know of no work of this class that we can more cordially recommend.

History of the Kingdom of God under the Old Testament. Translated from the German of E. W. HENGSTENBERG. In two volumes. Vol. II. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark. New York: Scribner, Armstrong and Company. Octavo, pp. 407.

This is the second and concluding volume of a work noticed in the QUARTERLY for January. It embraces four sections; the first treating of the Period of the Judges; from Joshua's death to the election of Saul; the second comprises the time from the establishment of Royalty to the Division of the Kingdom; the third from the Division of the Kingdom. to the Babylonish Captivity; and the fourth from the Captivity to the Destruction of Jerusalem. It also contains a very interesting essay on the Life and Writings of Hengstenberg, by the Rev. W. B. Pope.

Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament. The Books of the Chronicles. By C. F. KEIL. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark. New York: Scribner, Armstrong and Company. Octavo, pp. 516.

Dr. Keil is one of the best of the German commentators, strictly evangelical, reverent, devout. His idea of the Chronicles is that it is a history of those times in which Israel's religion had showed itself to be a power dominating the people and their leaders, and bringing them prosperity; and of those men who had undeavored to give a more enduring form to the arrangements for the service of God and to restore the true worship of Jehovah; and of those events in the history of the worship so intimately bound up with Jerusalem.

Yet the temple worship and the Levitical service is important in the view of the Chronicles only in their relation to the covenant out of which they grew; on Israel's adherence to that covenant depended all true national prosperity. The ritual is subordinate, the attitude of the people and their princes to the Lord and his law is the one consideration of importance. Hence the Chronicles show how God blessed the reigns and prospered all the undertakings of all the kings of Judah who sought the Lord and walked in his commandments, and how every defection brought with it misfortune and chastisement; the author of the books of Kings narrates events and facts objectively according to the course of history; the Chronicles connects the facts and events with the conduct of the kings and people towards the Lord, so arranging the historical

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