the harness of a horse suits far better. I am at a loss to see why Rashidí has omitted to make a remark on the third meaning. Surúrí, as I said above, passes in silence over meanings which he thinks wrong or unsupported. The Siráj has اوستام بواو مجهول و فوقاني بالف کشیده و میم یراق اسپ مثل زين و لگام . و مردم معتمد و امين . و استام مخفف این . و در برهان اوستان بوزن دوستان بمعنی مردم معتمد و ساخت و زین و لگام است . و آستین خانه گفته . مؤلف گوید که در کتب معتبره این لغت بدين معني دیده نشده و ظاهرا اوستام را اوستان خوانده و آنرا آستان خانه نیز گمان در غلط باشد و از صاحب این نسخه استمدادی ندارد ]] غلط . پس بوده . Thus we see that Burhán's form li óstán is to be struck out as unsupported, and that the meaning a threshold, as given in the FJ., is not proved. The author of the Siráj says in his preface as follows :— "As far as the correctness of meanings and the explanation of difficult passages are concerned, no dictionary comes up to the Farhang i Rashidí, whilst the Burhán has certainly the merit of being the completest vocabulary existing. But in both dictionaries there are erroneous statements; especially so in the Burhán, which is full of wrong meanings and spellings, as shall be seen below. To correct them is the only object of this dictionary. Hence I have not repeated the examples which are given in the FJ., Sur. and R. "Whilst I was writing this dictionary, I obtained a MS. copy of a work written by a Persian savant whose name is Majduddín 'Alí, poetically styled Qúsí. His book, although it is not known, contains many critical gems; and I have thought best to add them to my own remarks. Beside this MS. copy, I have used the FJ., Sur., R., Mu., B., the Farhang i Múnisí, the Kashf, some commentaries on the Gulistán, the Masnawí i Maulawí, &c. My friend Sayyid Muhammad Masih Khán expressed the túrikh of the compilation of this book by calling it یادبود سراج الدین علی خان which will be found to give A. H. 1147, [or A. D. 1734-5]. I have followed the order of the words as adopted by B. and R., because it is by far the best system of arrangement."* * I cannot give the Persian text, as the copy of the Siráj in my hands is too faulty. I have only seen one, which Major MSS. of the Siráj are very rare. Lees kindly placed into my hands. College Library, but is a bad copy. as it contains the words of the Burhán with lengthy remarks attached to each. The Chiraghi Hidayat is a much smaller work. It has been several times printed. A very handy edition of the Ghiás, easily obtainable in any part of India, contains the Chirágh in the margin. Khán Arzú's Díwán is much esteemed; Bh. often quotes his verses. Of his other works which compilers ought to read, I may mention the Tanbíh ul gháfilín, a critical work on the poems of Hazín of Içfahán, who died at Benares during the last century. Hazín, though a great poet and a man of learning, is not always exact in his metaphors, and borrows from other poets more than native critics by way of allow. Khán Arzú in his attack tries to shew that and Many of his objections بے محاورہ بے معنی Hazin is (l) are, however, not tenable, and Ték Chand, Mirza Qatil and Wárastah take frequently occasion to justify Hazín. One of Khán Arzú's nephews also, Mír Muhsin 'Alí, wrote a critic on the Tanbíh. Again, a very fair rejoinder, entitled JJ, appeared in 1862 at Cawnpore (169 pp.), written by Maulawi Imam Bakhsh, poetically styled Çahbáí. As most remarks refer to Persian style and idiom, compilers and grammarians will do well to procure copies. Two rhetorical works written by Khán Arzú are entitled— موهبت عظمی در معاني and عطیه کبری در بدیع were lithographed at Allahabad in 1830 and 1841. The following extract is taken from the Miftah ut Tawarikh,* p. 338 نسب او از جانب پدر بشیخ کمال الدین خواهرزاده شیخ نصیر الدین محمود و از طرف مادر بشیخ محمد غوث گوالیاری شطاری میرسد. از شعرای تازه گو بود و در سلك منصبداران پادشاهی بوده در اوائل سلطنت محمد فرخ سير بخدمتی از خدمات گوالیاری مامور گردیده مدتی در شاهجهان آباد Lucknow 1864, 406 pp 4to. The author of this book is [Mr. Thomas William Bell (?)], a clever Persian writer and poet. Some of his táríkhs are excellent. The táríkh on p. 371 does not refer to the Madrasah, but to the former Fort William College at Calcutta, در استقامت داشت و چون وقت او بآخر رسد بلکهنو آمد و در انجا بیست وسيوم گذشت . چندگاه بلکهنو شهر ربيع الثانى سنه هزار و يك صد و شصت و نه بخاک سپرده شد بعد از ان برادرزاده او محمد حسن خان تابوتش بدهلی برده درانجا دفن ساخت مير غلام علی آزاد تاریخش گفته ز مرگ او سخن را آبرو رفت سراج الدین علی خان نادر العصر بگو آن خان معنی آرزو رفت اگر جوید کسے سال وفاتش بيت According to this extract, Khán Arzú died in January 1756. Sirajuddin's commentaries are very rare. In his Sharh to the Sikandarnámah, we find occasional references to the abovementioned Majd 'Ali. 14. The works of Munshi Ték Chand.* There exist lithographed editions of these four lexicographical works; the last three are somewhat rare. 1. The Bahár i 'Ajam is one of the grandest dictionaries ever written by one man. There exist seven editions of it revised by the author. The first appeared in A. D. 1752; the Delhi lithographed edition of 1853 is taken from the author's last MS., which he completed in 1782, or thirty years after the first edition. The MS. preserved in the Fort William College Library, Calcutta, appears to be one of the first issues. Though not so complete as the last, it is a good MS. and preferable to the Delhi lithographed edition, which unfortunately is so full of typographical errors, as to be almost useless. Future compilers of Persian dictionaries ought to be very careful in using the Delhi edition, especially if they extract examples. The chief object of the Bahár i 'Ajam is to explain the Isti'mál i mutaakhkharin. Most examples are therefore taken from the poets after the time of Jámí, although quotations and phrases from the older poets are by no means inconsiderable. The work is so well known that it is unnecessary to say more about it. تيك چند some call him ; منشي تيك چند The name of the author is *Munshi is a title given in Upper India to Hindoos acquainted with Persian and Arabic. .He was by caste a Khetri. ای. تیک چند or راجه His poetical name is. He lived at Delhi. From a note at the end of the second volume of the Delhi edition, it appears that he was nearly deprived by one of his pupils of his well merited fame as the author of the seventh revised edition. Ték Chand must have died shortly after 1782, because he was prevented by old age from commencing the eighth revised edition. In the preface the author states that for the first edition he only used the Tanbíhulgháfilín by Siráj ushshu'ará (Sirájuddin, the author of the Sirájullaghát), and a small treatise written by Mir Muhammad Afzal, poetically styled Sábit. For the following editions Ték Chand used the Muçṭalahát ushshu'ará, the Risalah i Mukhlicí i Káshí, and another book whose title and author were unknown. The first of these three works Ték Chand embodied almost entirely; hence it is so little known. 2. The Jawahir ulhurúf and the Ibṭál i Szurúrat were written by Ték Chand during the compilation of the Bahár i 'Ajam. The Jawahir ulhurúf contains two chapters: The former part is the completest treatise on the interchange of letters. It forms an excellent basis for the etymological part of a Persian grammar, and is an indispensable Vade mecum for the compiler, as it is of the greatest assistance to him in the numerous spellings of certain words. The second chapter treats of the syntax of the Persian prepositions and particles. Numerous examples are given. The lithographed edition which appeared A. H. 1267 at Cawnpore, is taken from a unique MS. in the handwriting of the author. It is on the whole well printed. 3. The Ibtál i Szurúrat is the best, if not the only, work on the Taçarrufát i Fársí, or the modifications which both Arabic and Persian words have undergone in Persia during the last ten centuries. In plan the book coincides with our popular and interesting works on the study of words, such as by Trench, Richardson, &c. The term comes nearest to our a poetical license," and the object of Ték Chand's book is to shew that in good Persian poetry, there is no license, but that every peculiar expression is either based upon sufficient authority, ضرورت or is wrong. Hence the title "Ibțúl i Szurúrať" or the frustrating of that whicha bad Persian poet would call a☺, although in reality it is or want of poetical genius. A lithographed edition appeared at Delhi in A. H. 1268, 78 pp., small 8vo. It is rare. 4. The Nawádir ul maçádir is a complete collection of the Maçdars of the Persian language. The quotations are numerous, especially those from the older poets. The book is therefore most valuable for the compiler. The lithographed edition which appeared in A. H. 1272 at Delhi, 120 pp, large 8vo., is taken from a MS. in Ték Chand's handwriting. The book is very fairly got up. The arrangement of the words in Ték Chand's lexicographical works is the same as in Rashidí and Burhán. مصطلاحات الشعرا 15. The title of the work contains the táríkh of its commencement by the author, A. H. 1180, or A. D. 1767. Like Ték Chand he is a Hindoo, and was born at Lahore. His poetical name is wyly Wárastah, independent; his real name, according to other books, is From his preface it appears as if Warastah had lived سيال كوتي مل for a long time in Irán, where he thoroughly studied the lo . His dictionary was completed in 1782 after fifteen years, labour, although a MS. copy of at least a part of it came into the hands of the author of the Bahár i 'Ajam, who has largely extracted from it. There are, however, several phrases which Ték Chand has omitted. Though Wárastah's dictionary is much smaller than the Bahár, because the quotations are not so numerous, it has the merit of being entirely an original work. There exists a very handy copy of the Muçṭalahát, lithographed in A. H. 1280 at Lucknow, 404 pp., Royal 8vo. It contains in the margin an extract of the Bahár i 'Ajam, whose words are given without the quotations. غیاث اللغات 16. The name of the compiler is Maulawi Muhammad Ghiasuddín of Rámpúr, east of Delhi. After fourteen years' labour he finished the work in A. H. 1242, or A. D. 1826. The dictionary contains "all |