.Ma., FJ فرهنگ علی بیگ نے .Vide below غیاث اللغات .Gh فردوس المغات تصنيف عطاء الله .Ad, J فرهنگ فوائد برهاني و فردوسي .Man, M., J فرهنگ قنية الطالبين Sur. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. فرهنگ لطف الله بن یوسف حکیمی که 45. ,معني لغات بتركي نوشته ,.M., M., FJ ,. . فرهنگ لسان الشعرا Sur. FJ فرهنگ لغات ديوان خاقاني ,,de below. ., B., Sir مجمع الفرس سروری Gh. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. فرهنگ محمد بن هندو شاه منشی که بنام 53 غیاث الدین رشید تصنیف کرده .FJ فرهنگ مختصر 54. 55. ; F. This is the Madar فرهنگ مولانا الهداد سرهندي 64. 65. .Sh., M., M., J فرهنگ موائد الفوايد The last work is written by Muhammed Badruddín, better known as Abú Naçr i Faráhí, of Farah, a town in Sijistán. The book which has often been printed in India, is an ancient vocabulary in rhyme, and is used in nearly every school in India. There exist who lived at محمد بن فصیح دشت بياضي several commentaries to it by نظام هروي and ,يوسف بن مانع,the time of Akbar two dictionaries فرهنگ حل لغات الشعرا and the فرهنگ تبختری the The above list of Persian Dictionaries does not give the names of often quoted by the Madár; but I suspect they are mentioned above under a different name. III. After having specified the sources of the ten most valuable dictionaries, I add a few notes on several of them. The notes are necessarily short, as the subject matter of a dictionary is almost entirely independent of the character and mind of the compiler. I trust, however, that the remarks will be of some value, as they are the result of six years' lexicographical studies. With the exception of Surúrí's Majma'ulfurs the notes refer to Indian works. آداة الفضلا 1 of Delhi. The قاضي خان بدر محمد This Dictionary is compiled by author adds to his name the words J. The dictionary was written in A. H. 822, or A. D. 1419, more than twenty years after the sack of Delhi by Taimúr. The book is rather a vocabulary than a dictionary; the first part contains Persian words, and the second Persian phrases. The words are arranged according to the first, second, and last letters. No examples are given. For ancient Persian words, especially for such for which there are no proofs, the Alát is of some importance. Otherwise the value of the book is rather historical. MSS. are rare, شرفنامه ابراهيمي 2. hence his dictionary ابراهیم قوام فاروقي The name of the authorities is sometimes called. He was a disciple of the famous saint Sharafuddin Ahmad of Munair, a town in Bahár, to whose honor the compiler called his work Sharafnámah. He says in the preface (metre Mutaqárib)— شرفنامه احمد منیری است سراپا که مملوز در دری است "The Sharafnámah of Ahmad i Munyari is a dress of honor, filled "with the pearls of the Darí-Persian." Hence the dictionary is best known under the name of Sharafnámah i Ibráhímí. It must not be confounded with the Farhang i Mirzá Ibráhím, a later dictionary used by the authors of the FJ. and Sur. The birthplace of Ibráhím is unknown. It is however clear that he was an Indian; for like the Adát he gives many Hindee equivalents, and mentions Indian pronunciations of Persian words. He lived some time in Persia, and has thus been able to add words and meanings which he heard from natives. He names several times a Shaikh Wahidí of Shíráz, and an Amír Shihabuddin Hakim, of Kirmán, whose remarks he enters. Thus پشماق بالفتح اسپ و این تسامع است از امیر شهاب الدين حكيم كرماني The dictionary must have been written during the time of Bárbak, who reigned in Bengal from A. D. 1428 to 1445, as it ends with the following verses (metre Ramal)— لجامعة بو المظفر باربک شه شاه عالم باد و هست در نگین او همیشه ملك جم باد و هست دائما ورد زبان فتح هست و هم ظفر بو المظفر باریک شه شاه عالم باد و هست The work consists of a short treatise on Persian and Turkish terminations, a large number of Persian words and phrases, interspersed with a few Arabic nouns and infinitives, and a collection of Chagatai words. The latter are given separately at the end of each façl of Persian words, which arrangement has been followed in the next dictionary and the Madár. In using the dictionary we have to look to the first, last, and second letters of the words. Examples of verses are frequent. The MS. of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, No. 1332,-by no means a good one-has an appendix containing the Turkish numerals, and a list of Persian metres. As a peculiarity of this dictionary, we have to mention that the compiler, though an Indian, follows in the arrangement of the words the rule of J and Jis. From the time of the introduction of the Arabic characters up to the time of the poet Jámí, the last of the classics, the Irání Persian writers used the letter Jis dzal for Jis dál, after a long á, í, ú (1× 1,2), as 5 for ♪ búd; and 2. after every consonant,, , excepted, provided that consonant has a vowel, i. e., after the ; but never after diphthongs, as , گلبت رو نشین as,حروف صحيح متحرک ( حروف صحیح ساكن ) nor after consonants with the jazm ;میده in was never دال and ذال c. This interchange between کرد چند as in extended to Arabic words. Beside the Sharafnámah, Surúrí's Majma' ulfurs is the only dictionary in which the rule has been adhered to in the arrangement of the words. The dictionary itself deserves the attention of future compilers, as it has not been sufficiently used. The author is very exact; in his explanations he pays particular attention to legendary names, especially those of the Sháhnámah, and to plants and their medical properties. MSS. are rare. مؤيد الفضلا .3 This dictionary was compiled A. H. 925, or A. D. 1519, by Shaikh Muhammad ibn i Shaikh Lád (3) of Delhi. His object was to complete the Sharafnámah through the addition of words and phrases from the Qunyat uṭṭálibín. Hence his dictionary is more voluminous. Every façl is tripartite; first come the Arabic, then the Persian, and lastly the Turkish words. The appendix to the dictionary contains the Arabic, Persian and Turkish numerals, and a small Persian grammar. Examples of verses occur but rarely. The arrangement is the same as in the Sharafnámah. Nothing is known of the author himself. From a remark in the preface we know that he had two children. The reigning king receives no praise; nor was Ibráhím Lódhí a fit subject for an encomium. MSS. of this dictionary are numerous. كشف اللغات 4 This dictionary was compiled by 'Abdurrahim ibn i Ahmad Súr of Bahár. It contains the words of the Sharafnámah and the Muayyid, and many Arabic words from the Çuráh. The MSS. are numerous. There exists also a rare lithographed edition of 1264 pp. 4to., which appeared at Calcutta several decads ago. The following extract is taken from the preface "Should any one doubt the correctness of a Persian word in my "Dictionary, let him look into the Sharafnámah, the dictionary of my revered teacher Shaikh Muhammad Lád-May God have mercy on "him!-the Dastúr, the Dictionary by Qází Naçir uddin Gunbudzí, "the Qunyat uṭṭálibín, the Dictionary by Fakhr-i-Qawwás, the Dic"tionary by 'Ali Bég Bé, the Dictionary by Amir Shihabuddin of "Kirmán, the Qafiyah-i-Kish, the Lisán ushshu'ará, the Istilah "ushshu'ará, the Jami' uççanáyi', and the Dictionary by Shaikh "Muhammad Khaghri ( )." The date of the compilation is not known; the work must have, however, been completed about the middle of the sixteenth century, as the author knew Shaikh Muhammad Lád, the compiler of the Muayyid (A. D. 1519). He also alludes to the Shaikh under alo !. This dictionary gives no examples. The Kashf is of importance for those who cannot procure copies of the Sharafnámah and the Muayyid. مدار الافاضل .5 This valuable work which has been very little used, was compiled by Mauláná Shaikh Iláhdád i Faiszí, son of Asad ul’ulamá 'Alí Shér of Sirhind. The year of the compilation, A. H. 1001, or A. D. 1593, is given in the words ple, the tárikh of the book. As the words are only arranged according to the first and last letters, it is somewhat troublesome to use the book. The Arabic words stand in each façl before the Persian. The Turkish words are given after the Persian words. The Arabic words and the examples are more numerous than in the preceding works. There are a great number of verses marked al' by the compiler. The author makes occasionally critical attempts, and mentions Indian pronunciations of several Persian words. The following extracts from this dictionary will shew that the compiler was a poet. His Masnawi entitled Náz ó Niyúz must not be confounded with a Masnawi of the same title by Baqáí (No. 1240 Asiatic Society Bengal). بعشق دختر مجوسی مغی اختیار کرد * پور سقا مردی بود عالم چون آن دختر را خواست هر دو مسلمان شدند . اکثر مجوسیان را هدایت نمود . غالبا شیخ صنعان خواهد بود که قصه او در منطق الطیر نوشته و این جامع نیز در کتاب مثنوي ناز و نياز آورده || The metre of the compiler's Masnawi is the same as of the Shirin |