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The lion is generally kept in a complete state of control by his keeper, though, at the same time, great regard is mixed with his subjection. "A keeper of wild beasts at New York had provided himself, on the approach of winter, with a fur cap. The novelty of this costume attracted the notice of the lion, which, making a sudden grapple, tore the cap off his head as he passed the cage; but perceiving that the keeper was the person whose head he had thus uncovered, he immediately lay down." The same animal, once, hearing some noise under its cage, passed its paw through the bars, and actually hauled up the keeper, who was cleaning beneath; but as soon as he saw that he had thus ill-used his master, he instantly lay down upon his back in an attitude of complete submission.*

The Persian lion is destitute of the flowing mane which is so great an ornament to the king of beasts. Captain W. Smee, in a letter published in the Transactions of the Zoological Society, gives a description of this animal,

*Griffith's Cuvier,

several of which he killed in Guzerat, its native country:

"The lion of Guzerat is maneless, as compared with the lion of Africa; but it is maned, as compared with the tiger, the leopard, and other large species of the genus felis. The back of the neck is ornamented with a broad line of erect hairs, and under the chin it has a quantity of loose silky locks; it has also a large tuft of hair on the tail. The female has the ridge of hair on the back, but none on the under part of the neck. The body of the maneless lion is more rounded and bulky than that of the African; it is rather shorter in its limbs, and especially in its head.

"These lions are found in Guzerat along the banks of the Sombermuttee river. During the hot months they inhabit the low brushy wooded plains to the borders of Cutch, being driven out of the high grass jungle by the practice annually resorted to by the natives of setting fire to the grass, in order to clear it and secure a succession of young shoots for the food of the cattle upon the first fall of the rains. They extend

through a range of country about forty miles in length, and are so common in this district, that I killed no fewer than eleven during a residence of a month; yet scarcely any of the natives, except the cattle-keepers, had seen them previously to my coming among them. The cattle were frequently destroyed and carried off, but this they attributed to tigers, who, however, do not exist in that part of the country. Those natives to whom they were known gave them the name of 'cameltiger,' from their resemblance in colour to the camel. They appear very destructive to cattle, and the remains of a considerable number of carcasses of bullocks were found near the place where I killed my specimens ; about ten days before, four donkeys had been destroyed at the village of Cashwah. I could not learn that men had ever been attacked by them. When struck by a ball they exhibited great boldness, standing as if prepared to resist their pursuers, and then going off slowly and in a very sullen manner, unlike the tiger, which, on such occasions, retreats springing and snarling."

Sir Charles Malet mentions the maneless lion, saying, that by the country people it was called oontia baug, or camel-tiger, and is by them esteemed the fiercest and most powerful of his race. His colour was that of a camel, verging to yellow, but without spots or stripes; not high in stature, but powerfully massive, with a head and fore-parts of admirable size and strength. From one that was shot nearly five quarts of oil were extracted, which the inhabitants of that country consider to be very efficacious in rheumatic complaints, and it is used externally in those and in some other disorders. The oil of the lion was extracted by stewing the flesh when cut up with a quantity of spices; the meat was white, and of a delicate appearance, and was eaten by the hunters, who extracted the oil.

The French naturalist Olivier says, "That the lion of Arabia is probably the species of which Aristotle and Pliny have spoken, and which they considered as a different species to the African lion. It has neither the courage, the size, nor the beauty of the African. In seizing its prey it has

more recourse to cunning than to force, and commonly chooses the most feeble: it flies instantly at the sight of man, woman, or child. If it seizes a sheep, it will abandon its prey to seek safety in flight, if an Arab run after it. If it is hunted by several persons, and can no longer hope for escape, it turns on its pursuers, and is quite capable of tearing one of them to pieces with its claws, for it has more strength than courage. I have seen in the menagerie of the Pacha of Bagdad fine specimens of this race, they had been there about five years, and had been captured while very young near Bassora. The males were very much like the African lions, but smaller, and without manes. They assured me that the lions of this country never had any; that the Arabian lion was of a distinct race, and had not degenerated from the African."

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Lions, and other animals of the cat kind, are called cruel; and their disposition to destroy the lives and drink the blood of other creatures, growing out of a physical necessity, has been termed cruelty. Such expressions applied to animals are

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