ciety Islands; she intended to make up her voyage with sandal wood from the Figi Islands, and thence to proceed to China; having procured a few presents for his boatmen, he sent them on shore with a message to Finow, the successor of the late king, desiring him to come on board which he did about the middle of the day, with many others of the natives to the no small gratification of the captain and his officersso charmed was Finow with every thing he saw, that he expressed a great desire to accompany Mr. Mariner to England, but the captain refused acceding to a wish, which seemed to promise no future good to an individual in Finow's circumstances, arriving in a strange country without protection and without patronage; upon this subject Dr. Martin enlarges in the following manner. It would be very interesting to know what would be the result of removing an individual of Finow's disposition and intellectual powers, from the state of society in which he had been brought up, into a civilized country; into a scene so widely different from every thing he had been accustomed to, where every circum stance would be new, and every object calculated to draw forth the powers of his natural understanding, to judge of their propriety, absurdity, or excellence. Finow's intellect, as we shall by and by more clearly see, when we take a survey of his character, was far, very far above in the common: there was interwoven the very texture of his mind a spirit of philosophical inquiry, directed by the best of all motives-the desire of human improvement ;--not the offspring of common curiosity, but that noble impulse, which goads the mind on in the pursuit of knowledge, at whatever risk, and with whatsoever suffering. It would, indeed, be curious to watch the effects of civilization upon a man of Finow's disposition; but merely curious, for we cannot imagine that any good could possibly be the result, either to himself or to the people whom he would visit the customs and habits of a barbarous nation either take their origin from the means pointed out by nature for the supply of her own wants, or they are the mutilated remains of practices and ceremonies used by more polished nations, which from carelessness, local inconvenience, or more probably a negligent observance of religious duties, have become a heterogenous compound totally inexplicable by the inhabitants. themselves such a farago could be of no service to a civilized people: and if a man should attempt to carry the European ceremonies and customs into the islands of Tonga, the consequence would be not only fatal to himself, but involving the country in unnecessary and perpetual warfare; the busi ness of civilization is and ought to be a work of time, and that time will always be lengthened in a country, where the memory of their forefathers is held in such profound respect as in the island of Tonga. The Favourite having laid in her store of sandal wood, resumed her voyage and in about five weeks arrived at Macao, at which place he (Mr. Mariner) remained, till an opportunity offered of returning to England. The remainder of the work is occupied by a very interesting account of those manners and customs, which have not been sufficiently particularized in the first volume, and lastly, with a grammar of the language; and justice demands us to say, that Dr. Martin has throughout the whole work displayed very considerable abilities: from a few desultory memoranda and the oral communications of Mr. Mariner, he has contrived to fill two octavo volumes with a great variety of information, which cannot but prove interesting to readers of every description. Of the grammar we shall say but little, being of opinion that however curious, it will only be acceptable to a very small portion of those who will peruse the work; but it very sufficiently displays the talent of its learned author, whose perseverance in forming it cannot be too much admired; that it is possible to reduce to a systematic arrangement, the words of any language, however barbarous, we never doubted, and if instead of the Tonga language, Dr. Martin had undertaken the incoherent jargon which a Somersetshire collier uses to his horses, we doubt not but he would have succeeded, and we hope we shall not be accused of ill nature, if we say, that in our opinion, both grammars would be equally useful. Speaking of the religion of these people, Mr. Mariner has given us the following particulars of the points of their belief. rank in this world, and then they have power similar to the original gods, but after death, where they exist as matabooles or ministers to the gods, but they have not the power of inspiring priests = the mooas, according to the belief of some, less. The matabooles also go to Bolotoo also go to Bolotoo, but this is a matter of great doubt. But the tooas, or lower class of people, have no souls, or such only as dissolve with the body after death, which consequently ends their sentient existence. 1. That there are Hotooas, gods, or superior beings, who have the power of dispensing good and evil to mankind, according to their merit, but of whose origin they form no idea, rather supposing them to be eternal. 2. That there are other Hotooas or gods, viz. the souls of all deceased nobles and matabooles, who have a like power of dispensing good and evil, but in an inferior degree. 3. That there are besides several Hotooa Pow, or mischievous gods, whose attribate is never to dispense good, but petty evils and troubles, not as a punishment, but indiscriminately to whoinsoever it may be, from a pure mischievous disposition. 4. That all these superior beings, although they may perhaps have had a beginning, will have no end. 5. That the world also is of doubtful origin, and co-existent with the gods; the solid sky, the heavenly bodies, and the ocean, being pre-existent to the habitable earth, which was afterwards drawn out of the water by the god Tougaloa, whilst fishing with a line and hook. 6. That mankind, according to a partial tradition, first came from Bolotoo, the residence of the gods, an island to the north-westward, and resided at the Touga islands, by command of Tongaloa; they consisted of two brothers, with their wives and attendants, whose original they pretend to know nothing about. 7, That all human evil is inflicted by the gods upon mankind, on account of some neglect of religious duty, either in the person or persons who suffer the in'flictions, or in the egi or chief whom they serve; and the contrary of good. 8. That all egi or nobles have souls, which exist hereafter in Bolotoo, not acFording to their moral merit, but their 9. That the human soul during life is not a distinct essence from the body, but only the more etherial part of it, and which exists in Bolotoo, in the form and likeness of the body, the moment after death. 10. That the primitive gods and deceased nobles sometimes appear (visibly) to mankind, to warn or to afford comfort and advice that the primitive gods also sometimes come into the living bodies of lizards, porpoises, and a species of water snake, hence these animals are much respected; their coming into porpoises is supposed to be for the purpose of taking care of vessels, &c. 11. That the two personages at the Tonga islands, known by the name of Tooitonga and Veacki, are descendants in a right line from two chief gods, and that all respect and veneration is therefore due to them. 12. That some persons are favoured with the inspiration of the gods, by an actual existence of the god for the time being, in the person (the priest) so inspired, who is then capable of prophesying. 13. That human merit or virtue consists chiefly in paying respect to the gods, nobles, and aged persons; in defending one's hereditary rights; honour, justice, patriotism, friendship, meekness, modesty, fidelity of married women, parental and filial love, observance of all religious ceremonies, patience in suffering, forbearance of temper, &c. 14. That all rewards for virtue or punishments for vice happen to men in this world only, and come immediately from the gods. 15. That several acts acknowledged by all civilized nations as crimes, are under many circumstances considered by them as matters of indifference, such as revenge, killing a servant who has given provocation, or any body else, provided it be not a very superior chief or noble; rape, provided it be not upon a married woman, or one to whom respect is due, on the score of superior rank, from the perpetrator; theft, except it be consecrated property. 16. Omens are considered direct indications of the gods to mankind: charms or superstitious ceremonies to bring evil upon any one are considered for the most part infallible, as being generally effective means to dispose the gods to accord with the curse or evil wish of the malevolent invoker; to perform these charms is considered cowardly and unmanly, but does not constitute a crime. That these particulars of religious belief are the remains of some more perfect system of religious worship, we have but little doubt, but they have no idols, neither have they any idea of addressing or supplicating a supreme being, or of reward or punishment after death. We have no account in the work before us, of any attempts of the missionaries to in struct the inhabitants, except the account we quoted in the early, part of our paper may be consider ed as such, and we have no doubt but even the missionaries themselves will readily agree, that such circumstances as are there described cannot fail to injure the cause the mission was intended to promote. We shall now conclude our account by saying, that we have been highly gratified with the perusal of the work, and can venture to promise our readers an increase of amusement in almost every page. REPORT OF EXAMINATION COLLEGE OF MADRAS, FOR 1815. THE lower of the increased allowances, 75 pagodas, it was declared, should be given (as had been authorised by a former resolution of government under date the 11th August, 1812) for any instance of general or particular merit, which on the recommendation of the board might appear to be deserving of such reward. The use of the term general merit, we remarked, was understood to exclude all notion of a fixed standard of acquirement-adverting to the various degrees of aptness to acquire new languages which must necessarily be found in so large a body as the students of the college of Fort St. George, it was, we thought, obvious that a different degree of knowledge might be the result of equally meritorious application; hence we had always considered the lower of the increased allowances as a reward for diligence, rather than for a specific degree of attainment, and as an encouragement to a continuance of such diligence and application. In conformity with this understanding of the orders relative to the grant of increased allowances, in our report under date the 15th of June last, we recommended that the lowest of those allowances should be granted to five gentlemen, whose progress had been very satisfactory for the time that they had been attached to the college, "as an encourage"ment of which we doubted not that "they would prove themselves well deserving by a continuance of their #honorable assiduity," We stated that on that occasion we had found ourselves obliged to refrain from any particular mention of four of the gentlemen who had been examined; two of those four gentlemen, however, greatly to their credit, availed themselves of the earliest opportunity afforded them by the college rules, of shewing that they had adopted the determination of steadily applying the facilities which the college had provided, to the acquisition of a knowledge of the native languages. This laudable exertion on their parts, attended as it had been with satisfactory success, was an instance of "general merit" such as we contemplated in recommending the terms on which the increased allowance of 75 pagodas a month should be granted; and, in strict adherence therefore to the principle which had hitherto guided our decision on this point, we felt it our duty to recommend its being granted to Mr. Elliot and Mr. Crawley. It only remained for us to submit a few observations in explanation of the difference in the mode of framing the reports concerning the gentlemen reconimended for the lower rate of increased allowances in our general report of 15th June, and in the special one of the 7th of September; it rarely, we observed, happened that a student examined as to his knowledge of a language in its various branches was equally successful in allthe general result of his examination was the ground on which its character was given. In the general report on the whole ་ body of students as their relative proficiency was shewn, it was, we observed, thought sufficient to state what actual acquirements each had attained, without noticing the particular points in which each had failed; but in the report on the two gentlemen who were examined by themselves we were equally desirous that the Right Honorable the Governor in Council should have the fullest information, which in such case could only be given by describing the acquirements they had made, and those to which they had not attained. We ventured to hope that this explanation would satisfy the mind of the Right Honorable the Governor in Council that the claims of Mr. Elliot and Mr. Crawley rested on similar grounds to those on which our recommendations for that allowance had been hitherto founded, and on which they had been hitherto granted by government; and that if a distinction were observable between the terms in which these gentlemen had been recommended, and those used in submitting recommendations for the same rate of allowances in our report of 15th June, such distinctions had resulted from the circumstance of the examination being special, instead of general. We likewise trusted that this explanation would be deemed sufficient to enable the Right Honorable the Governor in Council to grant the allowance to Mr. Elliot and Mr. Crawley, from the period recommended; and that integrity of intention on our part would be permitted to apologize for again bringing the subject under his consideration. Should the Right Honorable the Governor in Council be pleased to determine that henceforward the claim of the students to the inferior, as well as to the superior rate of increased allowances, should be ascertained by a fixed standard of acquirement, it would, we remarked, be our duty implicitly to obey the instructions we might be honored with on this point, and to modify accordingly, the notices circulated to the students; at the same time, we felt ourselves called upon respectfully to state, that the system under which the inferior rate of increased allowance had hitherto been given, appeared to us most successful in drawing forth and stimulating the exertions of the students. With reference to the last paragraph of the orders of Government to which we replied, we begged leave to explain that our objects in submitting the list of books there adverted to, were altogether unconnected with any application for reward or encouragement on behalf of the respective authors. Indeed, no work, we observed, was included in that list on which the orders of the government had not already been communicated to us. Our principal intention, we explained, was to shew, at one view, what publications connected with the objects of the Institution, had already issued from its press, and what were in course of publication or of preparation for the press; and as it had been determined, that of all the works edited by the college, a certain number of copies should be sold at the Military Male Orphan Asylum, for the benent of that charity, it was, we remarked, suggested by us, with the view of aiding the sale of the books, that the summary account which we had given of the subject of each should be published for general information. We were informed in reply, that, for the reasons on which the resolution already communicated to us was founded, the Right Honorable the Governor in Council considered himself precluded from sanctioning any further grant of 1000 pagodas for proficiency in the native languages, without express authority to that effect, from the Honorable the Court of Directors; but that it would be very satisfactory to the Governor in Council to bring to the notice of the Honorable Court such instances of distinguished acquirements as might be deemed deserving of that reward. With respect to the case of the two gentlemen recommended for an increase of allowances in our letter of the 7th of September, it was stated that the Governor in Council retained the sentiments which had already been made known to us. On the 15th ultimo, we reported, for the information of the Right Honorable the Governor in Council, the result of the second general examination for the year 1815 of the junior civil servants attached to the college. In the following list, we remarked that we had ranked the students according to our opinion of their respective merits ; and a reference to this classification, we observed, would at one view, put'the Government in possession of our sentiments respecting their relative proficiency. Mr. Cameron 8th March 1815. 1st Oct. 1815. 31st Jan. 1815. 15th June. 21st Aug. MAHRATA. 31st Jan. 1815. HINDUSTANI. Council might be pleased to confer upon him. Mr. Anstey's progress since the last examination, although not quite such as might have been expected from him, was, we thought, very creditable to his talents. The proficiency of Mr. Hutt in Teloogoo, and Mr. Anstey in Tamil, we stated to be of a superior order; their knowledge of a second language, although not so great, was, we thought, sufficient to qualify them for the transaction of public business. It would, we conceived, be advantageous to both of these gentlemen to be allowed to perfect their studies at the college; but if the public service called for their employment, we thought that they might be permitted to leave the institution. We had much pleasure in recommending to the favorable notice of the Right Honorable the Governor in Council the meritorious exertions of Mr. De Mierre. Mr. Kindersley, Mr. Cameron, Mr. Thomas, and Mr. Hudleston, each of whom, was, we remarked, entitled to high approbation. With the exception of Mr. Hudleston who particularly distinguished himself in Tamil, all of the gentlemen were engaged in the acquirement of two languages, and their progress in each, since the last examination, had, we observed, been of so satisfactory a nature, as to lead us to anticipate the most successful termination of their studies. Mr. Bushby's progress in Tamil since the last examination was very creditable to him, and his knowledge of that lan guage was highly respectable. His pro ficiency in Teloogoo was but small. We stated that in the course of the late examination our attention was particularMr. Bannerman. 19th July 1815. ly attracted by the rapid advancement of some of the junior civil servants, who had We stated that Mr. Newbolt and Mr. lately joined the institution-Mr. HaringUhthoff, by their superior attainments ton and Mr. Anderson in Tamil, and Mr. both in Tamil and Teloogoo, had qualified Paternoster, Mr. Boileau, and Mr. Banthemselves to enter with advantage into nerman in Teloogoo, exhibited a knowany branch of the public service, and en ledge of these languages which held out titled themselves to our recommendation the fairest promise of ultimate excellence; for the highest reward; and under the and we had much pleasure in reporting orders of government, just recited, we that they had most satisfactorily estasubmitted that the distinguished acquire-blished their claim to the increased allowments of these two gentlemen, and their claim to the honorary donation of one thousand pagodas, should be brought to the notice of the Hon. Court of Directors. We at the same time had much pleasure in bearing testimony to the general merits of these two gentlemen, whose conduct during the time they had been under our superintendence, deserved our cordial approbation. Mr. Hutt, we observed, evidently applied to study, during the late term with much assiduity, and fully established his claim to the highest of the increased allowances, which we accordingly recommended the Right Hon, the Governor in ance of seventy-five pagodas per mensem. Mr. Bannerman, we observed, was also examined in Hindustani, at his own reGovernment the knowledge which he poquest. We had already reported to the sessed of this language when he entered the college, and we were well pleased to observe that his acquaintance with it had since been very materially improved. We were satisfied with the result of the examination of Mr. Montgomerie, Mr. Horne, and Mr. French; and we added, that we should be glad to be enabled in our next report to make favorable mention of Mr. W. Mason and Mr. Ogilvie. Mr. Adamson and Mr. Droz, we re |