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You will recall Mr. Wharton referred to this particular structure the other day. Three types of aboveground shelters were exposed at three pressure ranges. They were identical except for the method of construction-poured-in place reinforced concrete, precast reinforced concrete, and reinforced masonry block. The shelters were designed to withstand blast overpressures of 10 pounds per square inch and were undamaged at that pressure.

Two underground group shelters were placed within the heavy damage zone of a nominal-size nuclear weapon. This was the first test of a complete shelter including blast valves, air filters, and all necessary shelter equipment. (See slide No. 13.)

Each of the shelters tested was designed to accommodate 30 persons. By increasing the length, the shelter design is adaptable for 100 or more persons.

These shelters provide adequate protection from radiation, blast, and missiles at approximately 100 pounds per square inch.

This brings us to the recently concluded series; Operation Plumbbob, held in the summer of 1957.

In this series emphasis was placed on tests of mass shelters and radiological defense. Four programs, which included 22 projects, were conducted by FCDA personnel or by our contractors to carry out these comprehensive technical tests.

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EXPANDABLE BLAST SHELTER (25 TO 100 PERSONS)

SLIDE NO. 13.-Expandable blast shelter (25 to 100 persons).

In addition, we were cosponsors with the Department of Defense, Atomic Energy Commission and the Food and Drug Administration on nine other projects.

This is a photograph of the detonation under which most of our shelters were tested. It was in Frenchmans Flat. (See slide No. 14.)

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SLIDE NO. 14.-Photograph of detonation under which most shelters were tested.

Mr. HOLIFIELD. What yield was this?

Mr. SAUNDERS. I think it is usually referred to as an above nominal. The actual yield has not been declassified.

Mr. HOLIFIELD. Nominal being 20 kilotons?

Mr. SAUNDERS. Yes, sir.

Instead of a single open shot for this program, the FCDA conducted observer programs for selected civil defense personnel and State and local officials in 10 of the shots of Operation Plumbob. Thirty-one foreign observers representing 10 nations also attended the program. In all over 250 persons witnessed the nuclear detonations.

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Slide No. 15: This slide shows the cost breakdown of the FCDA programs. The total expenditure of funds required to execute the FCDA program was over $2 million of which approximately $100,000 was donated by industry and $600,000 by the French and West German Governments. It also involved over 200 scientific, technical, and administrative personnel.

I shall now describe the technical projects which were carried out in the last test series.

One of the most efficient shapes for resisting blast is that of sphere or partial sphere shape such as the dome-type structure. (See slide No. 16.)

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