Civil Defense

TABLE 5.—A program of research, development, and planning in nonmilitary

A. Personnel

shelters..

defense

[Millions of dollars]

Example: 5. Detailed studies of shelters designed for 10 representative medium and small cities. The studies should proceed from engineering proposals through feasibility checks to final designs. Various levels of adequacy, phasing questions, and possibilities of future improvement should be considered. ($6.)

B. Mines_.

Example: 6. Preliminary design of underground plants in 20 important industries. Emphasis should be on modifying surface designs to exploit mine characteristics. The study should include all factors which influence the profitability of operations, not just construction costs. ($3.)

C. Conventional industrial shelters__.

Example: 1. Study of the practicability of protecting essential parts of plants in 20 important industries, using conventional protective construction. ($1.)

D. Private industry studies__

Example: 1. Analysis of inventory protection in 20 important industries. Emphasis should be on fixed capital, working capital, and operating costs of alternative measures-transferring inventories to nontarget locations, constructed shelters near plant, mine shelters in available locations. If possible, studies should be contracted with leading firms. ($2.)

E. Special equipment and processes_

Examples: Engineering design studies of excavating machines, blast doors, ventilation equipment, shelter utilities, intershelter communication, construction with salvaged materials, radiation shielding for vehicles.

F. Anticontamination and fallout..

Example: 4. Study of fallout countermeasures, including decontamination equipment, washdown systems, shielding methods, decontamination of food and water, changes in farming techniques. ($13.) G. Medical aspects of shelters___.

Example: 7. Research in acute radiation therapy, including medicines to ameliorate the effects of temporary exposure, protective clothing, and methods of medical treatment. ($2.)

H. Food and agriculture_.

Example: 4. Controlled experimentation with various diets, aimed at developing lowest cost shelter rations and evaluating postwar survival diets. ($3.)

I. Expansion of Government studies__.

Example: 1. Investigation of nonmilitary defense adaptations of existing Government activities-joint-use construction of schools, Government buildings, highways; city planning; foreign-aid programs.

($1.)

J. Academic studies__

Examples: Theory of the response of buried shapes to blast pressures, inducements to private firms to preserve obsolete machinery, social and psychological influences on shelter morale. Emphasis should be on 1-man projects which tap intellectual resources widely. K. Systems analysis____.

Analysis of performance and cost of nonmilitary defense systems in a wide variety of war situations, and of interactions between nonmilitary and military defense, is essential for evaluation of measures studied in other parts of the program.

L. Miscellaneous_.

Total___

200

First, planning in Government civilian agencies should be primarily oriented to a short thermonuclear war. The objective should be to protect civilians, aid their survival, and rebuild the economy, rather than to mobilize war production to support a large overseas army. A clarifying directive from the National Security Council would help to place mobilization planning, and the expenditures currently being made in this field, on a more plausible basis. Correspondingly, planning in the military departments might place greater emphasis on the interaction of military operations with nonmilitary measures to protect civilian society.

Second, the management of existing stockpiles should be reoriented insofar as practicable to support nonmilitary defense. The Government now owns about $20 billion worth of industrial raw materials, machine tools, obsolete military stocks, and surplus agricultural commodities. Inexpensive actions to process, store, relocate, or protect these stockpiles might be initiated, as discussed in section V-A. Certainly the Government should not dispose of these stocks without first considering seriously their possible contribution to nonmilitary defense. Third, current nonmilitary defense programs should be reoriented to emphasize improvised fallout protection, procurement and distribution of radiation meters, and arrangements for strategic and tactical evacuation of large cities. A realistic program of this sort on a reasonable budget (see sec. V-A above) could provide a sensible objective for existing agencies in the nonmilitary defense field, and thus make their efforts more productive.

C. PROMPT CONSIDERATION OF LONG-TERM MEASURES

Certain measures which might be incorporated in a comprehensive nonmilitary defense program would come to fruition only over a period of years. Such measures, therefore, ought to be considered and (if sound) brought into operation as soon as possible. Four specific long-term suggestions of this nature were developed in the study.

The first suggestion is a program to stimulate the creation of suitably located mine space. As discussed in section V-E, mine space seems to have many nonmilitary defense uses, and it should be possible to obtain such space much more cheaply by small premiums to mine operators over a period of years than in a crash program of mass excavation.

Second, an interesting idea which might contribute to the solution of institutional problems during postattack reorganization, and which might permit some of the costs of preattack measures for economic recuperation to be prefinanced outside the Federal budget, is a War Damage Equalization Corporation. Such a corporation might well sell insurance on a compulsory or voluntary basis to financial institutions, business firms, and individual property owners. These funds might then be invested in the accumulation of nonfood stockpiles, the creation of industrial shelters, and other measures which would increase the real assets available after a war. The insurance claims on the corporation could serve as a basis for restoring postattack operations of financial institutions and business firms, and for redistributing property losses more equitably among firms and individuals. Other arrangements to carry out these functions are of course also possible, and the entire subject deserves serious consideration.

Third, given clear and realistic orientation as to the nature of nonmilitary defense problems, private professional organizations ought to be able to make important contributions to their solution. To cite a single example, if the Government provided such guidance, the American Society of Civil Engineers might be quite helpful in developing structural designs for fallout shelters in small cities with peacetime as well as wartime uses.

The fourth suggestion has to do with initiation of long-term planning for governmental civilian agencies in the nonmilitary defense field. The objective should be to establish independent staffs whose full-time purpose is to keep abreast of prospective military and technical developments and to plan corresponding adaptations of current agency operations. Long-range planning is now accepted in the military departments, and it is equally important for nonmilitary defense.

EXHIBIT C-STATEMENT ON CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTS OF THE FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRATION

Chairman, Subcommittee on Military Operations, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.

DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: During our appearance before your subcommittee on May 2, you requested that I submit certain information to the subcommittee on current research and development contracts of the Federal Civil Defense Administration. You also requested financial information concerning survival studies. I am pleased to submit, herewith, the information which you requested. Sincerely,

GERALD R. GALLAGHER,

Assistant Administrator, Research and Development.

FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRATION-STATUS OF CURRENT

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTS

INDEX

Contractual research advisory activities:

1. The Advisory Committee on Civil Defense_.

2. The Committee on Fire Research and the Fire Research

Conference__

Radiological defense research and development:

1. Radiological physics for civil defense_

2. Radiological defense operations__ 3. Radiological reclamation____.

4. Radiological countermeasures manual___

5. Pilot radiological defense operations plans-

6. Transistorized loud speaker for geiger counter.

7. Development of aerial survey instrument_-_

8. Extension of upper wind data for fallout analysis‒‒‒‒

Health and medical research:

1. Biological effects of blast.

2. Biological aspects of nuclear radiation_

3. National emergency medical care plans.

4. National nursing education plan___.

5. Methods of treatment of plasma to inactivate hepatitis virus--6. Participation in the blood research program of the Army Medical Corps---

Shelter research and development:

1. Design study of deep underground rock shelters__.

2. Study of blast resistance of deep rock shelters_.

3. Design feasibility study of blast-resistant tunnel closures.

4. Air-flow characteristics of blast valves..

Warning equipment and systems studies:

1. National emergency repeater alarm system-

2. Telephone warning systems..

Operations research:

1. FCDA damage assessment system-

2. Liaison with National Damage Assessment Center.

3. Strategic framework___

Emergency water supplies, sewage and waste disposal studies: 1. Decontamination of water supply, sewage, and waste disposal studies__ Economic studies:

1. Civilian survival supply-Requirements and development and methodology-

2. Updating the resources file of the National Damage Assessment Center--

Civil defense training and education evaluation : 1. Evaluation of training effectiveness of courses taught by FCDA--‒‒‒

$40,000

53, 000

50,000 350, 000 145, 000 87,500 101, 500 1,250 25,000

20, 000

57, 000

100, 000

150, 000

80,000

58,000

15,000

18, 000 14,000 18, 880 6,000

603, 000 48,000

80, 000

23, 000

246, 000

2,500

100, 000

9, 367

50,000

Human behavior research: I. Natural disaster studies____
Nuclear field tests:

$42, 000

92,000 193,000 37,000

398, 000 451, 000

40,000

6, 000

CONTRACTUAL RESEARCH ADVISORY ACTIVITIES

1. Title of contract: The Advisory Committee on Civil Defense.

(a) Date initiated: April 1, 1957.

(b) Contract completion date: December 31, 1958.

(d) Amount of contract: $40,000.

(e) Purpose: To advise FCDA in planning and carrying out research. Committee members are outstanding persons in the fields of science and technology.

The Committee is intimately acquainted with FCDA research problems and programs and advises frequently in connection with the conduct of its research programs.

No reimbursement is made to the contractor for the services of consultants and experts. Funds are used by the contractor to pay travel and subsistence allowances to committee members, clerical and administrative services, and expenses.

2. Title of contract: The Committee on Fire Research and the Fire Research Conference.

(a) Date initiated: February 1958.

(b) Contract completion date: February 1959.

(d) Amount of contract: $53,000.

(e) Purpose: The purpose was to establish a continuing group of experts from appropriate fields of science and technology to provide advisory and consulting services in the field of fire research, coordinate existing research programs to prevent unnecessary duplication, and encourage and stimulate a national research effort to provide scientific knowledge for proper guidance in the development of new and unconventional techniques and equipment designed to increase our wartime fire defense capabilities.

Included in the scope of the contract has been the identification of problem areas where deficiencies exist in fundamental scientific knowledge and the preparation of a comprehensive national fire program for fire research. This program is now at the point of completion and is expected to serve as a frame of reference for all research projects undertaken in this field by both Government organizations and institutions supported by the insurance companies and industry.

Services of experts and consultants are not reimbursed. Funds are used for travel and subsistence allowances to committee members and for clerical and administrative support.

RADIOLOGICAL DEFENSE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Title of contract: Radiological physics for civil defense.

(a) Date initiated: July 1957.

(b) Contract completion date: June 30, 1958.

(d) Amount of contract: $50,000.

(e) Purpose: This is a continuing project. The research involves complex mathematical computations with high-speed electronic computer relating to the characteristics of nuclear radiation, both the initial radiation produced at the time of detonation and the residual radiation produced by fallout. These characteristics must be fully understood in order to design protective structures.

Knowledge of the energy spectrum, that is amounts of radiation energies present at different times after burst, it important because the penetrability of radiation depends on its energy. The results of these studies are being used by other FCDA contractors which will be described later in developing radiological defense plans.

The National Committee on Radiation Protection, chaired by Dr. Lauriston Taylor, Chief of the Atomic and Radiation Physics Division of the National Bureau of Standards, is providing technical guidance to the conduct of this study.

2. Title of contract: Radiological defense operations.

(a) Date initiated: February 1958.

(b) Contract completion date: February 1, 1959.

(e) Purpose: The results of theoretical studies performed by the National Bureau of Standards and the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory are furnished to the University of California who applies them in developing practical civil defense operations.

Local civil defense planners must estimate the amount of safe shelter afforded by large buildings and basements of small buildings as a basis for determining deficiencies and the amount of new shelter capacity which should be provided through shelter construction.

The university has developed simple standards through the use of high-speed electronic computer calculations from surveys of sample communities which can be applied by planners in any community in the United States.

Other studies include improvement of knowledge of physical characteristics and biological effects of initial and residual nuclear radiation and of the variables that influence distribution of radioactive fallout, and also improvement of knowledge and development of practical methods for reducing the effects of radiation on people either through reducing radiation doses or of the biological effect of various doses.

3. Title of contract: Radiological reclamation.

(a) Date initiated: April 1958.

(b) Contract completion date: June 1959.

(d) Amount of contract: $145,000.

(e) Purpose: It is the objective to develop information and criteria pertinent to the detailed planning and implementation of large-scale reclamation operations. Two immediate objectives are: (a) the determination of the logical sequence for reclamation operations with emphasis on the "cost" in terms of radiological exposure as well as finances, support, and logistic factors; (b) the development of "rules of thumb" for various cost factors.

The approach to this problem will be to examine for completeness and adequacy, information on the methods, effectiveness and "cost" of reclamation operations. Requirements for additional information will be established and supplied from such sources as are available. Sequences of operation will be investigated to establish the most logical sequence in various situations and environments. The passive areas; that is, residential, factory, outside industrial, etc., will be defined and categorized. The "cost" of reclaiming these kinds of areas will be estimated for various operational and radiological situations. From these estimates, general "cost factors" will be developed which will allow approximations to be made of the magnitude of the recovery operations.

4. Title of contract: Radiological Countermeasures Manual.

(a) Date initiated: April 1, 1958.

(b) Contract completion date: June 30, 1959.

(e) Purpose: To develop a manual for civil defense comparable to the NRDL manual, entitled "Radiological Recovery of Fixed Military Installations." Operational procedures will be developed which are applicable to industrial, residential, and rural areas.

As a preliminary to the manual, it is necessary that all available data, including classified data prepared for military applications, be summarized and a critical evaluation be made. Theoretical and experimental studies performed by the military can contribute in an important way to the technical basis for the development of a civil radiological defense program.

Evaluation is required for the following reasons:

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Civil Defense: Hearings Before a Subcommittee, 1-2권