throughout that region (of red sandstone) about 35 dollars per acre. There, also, occasional labourers only received 50 cents (2s. 1d.) per day, without board, &c., and many were said to be out of employ in winter. Much was said by farmers of the high price of labour; but notwithstanding the approaching completion of many lines of railway, which would set free much Irish labour, they did not expect that the price would be materially brought down, inasmuch as there were three great demands which would tend to keep it up: first, that of the extreme West; next, that which would be created by the opening of new land along the lines of railway; and thirdly, the growing prosperity of the cities west of the Alleghanies, as well as of those on the sea-board.

The above, therefore, are, I believe, the principal elements in the problem, of much interest to this country, as to what will be the probable paying price at which American wheat can be delivered in any large quantity at Liverpool. Some of the above particulars have been adverted to in various published statements on the

subject; others, however-such as the effect of the railways now in progress, in opening new land so much nearer to the Atlantic sea-board, and cheapening the cost of transport thither— have hitherto, I think, scarcely received due consideration. Without pretending to be able to draw any very definite conclusion from what I have ventured to put together, it may, perhaps, be allowable to say, that the question cannot be altogether disposed of by the alleged fact that in the United States the growth of the consuming is equal to that of the producing population.

Of the extent to which the question may be affected by the circumstances of Canada, and its great capabilities of production, I shall have something to say in a future page; to which I shall also defer what I wish to add on the manner in which the opening of these great and new fields of well-remunerated industry bears upon the question of emigration from Ireland and from the United Kingdom generally.

WATER SUPPLY;

MEANS OF CLEANLINESS IN THE CITIES AND LARGE
TOWNS.

To any one who has had opportunities of observing the state of some of our large centres of mining and manufacturing population, the general aspect of cheerfulness and cleanliness pervading the manufacturing portions of the cities and towns of the United States, presents a contrast by no means flattering.

The absence of smoke, arising from the use of wood or of anthracite coal, is of course at once a great point in favour of the trans-Atlantic cities of the sea-board, and suggests a keen desire that the celebrated "Smoke Bill," which has so often made its appearance in Parliament, may one day end in something less evanescent.

But what is of more importance for our consideration, the public opinion of the United States will not permit the health, the comfort, and-as far as morals are affected by material things the morals of the community to be sacrificed by the reckless and irresponsible use of capital in the manner so prevalent in parts of our mining and manufacturing districts. Any one conversant with those districts could point to many localities where large capitalists have covered whole square miles with buildings for the labouring classes, without the smallest regard to drainage, ventilation, cleanliness, decency, cheerfulness, or comfort of any sort.

Under the municipal arrangements of the United States, and in the face of the public opinion dominant there, such things cannot be done; and in being permitted to do them here, that class of the community are continuing to furnish, most unfortunately, I believe, for themselves and for the general interests of the country, rightly considered, the most forcible arguments to the worst opponents of our social system.

It would, perhaps, be unfair to compare

Lowell, the creation of the last five-and-twenty years, with only 40,000 inhabitants, where only water-power is used, and in the laying out of which town the different companies had the experience of England before them as a guide and a memento of what to avoid-Lowell, with its wide streets, ornamented with trees, like all American towns, after the manner of the Parisian Boulevards, and its neat houses and gardens-with the dense masses of population gathered together upon our coal-fields. Moreover, if need were, it would be easy to enumerate a long list of instances, in this country, where either large companies, or individuals of wealth and of eminent station, have, both in the manufacturing and the mining districts, housed the hundreds-nay, the thousands of people in their employ, with an attention to comfort and even elegance which I have never seen equalled out of England. But the average state of things is that which most demands attention, and I would rather refer, as a standard of comparison, to the extensive and wealthy manufacturing and commercial city of Philadelphia, as an instance worthy of observa

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