cation exists. The Chinese Governor told Captain Webb that 100 streams fell into Mapang, and one, which was most commonly dry, flowed from it into Rawun Rudd. Mr. Colebrooke justly concludes that the evaporation in so cold a climate cannot be equivalent to the influx of water in the season of thaw, and at the time this was written, he was probably unaware of the vast altitude of this spot. The water of this lake is said by Mr. Moorcroft and all my informants, to be quite fresh and well tasted, while according to the Quarterly Reviewers, every lake without an outlet must be salt; so there is probably some drain for the waters of Mapang, either above or under ground; for, from its being surrounded by stupendous mountains, it must receive nearly as many rivulets as Rawun Rudd, and the stream that issues from this last lake is very considerable in the hot weather; besides, one of the rivers that run into Mansurowur, is stated to be of some size.

This the people call the Sutluj, the most remote source of which is said to be at a place named Chomik Tingdol, where a small stream gushes rapidly out of the ground with a rumbling noise: the length of this river is reckoned about forty miles, and it passes through, or rather by expanding, forms Goongeoo Lake, the Conghe of the Lamas. Goongeoo is called fifteen or twenty miles long by the course of the river, but very narrow.

Without supposing an outlet, it is difficult to account for the rise and fall of the Lake, which are mentioned by every one.

KANGREE, KYLAS OR HEOONLAS,

Is said to shoot up from the plain with an immense inclination, to an extraordinary height; its top is always white with snow, but notwithstanding the wonderful appearance of this mountain, Mr. Moorcroft, as far as I remember, says little about it, which, according to my information, ought to have been particularly mentioned. Captain Hearsey, however, in a sketch which I saw, has represented it as ending in a very acute point, and being far elevated above the other mountains; the circuit of Kylas is generally performed in one stage and a half, it is completed in one day on horseback, but the peculiar sanctity consists in walking round both it and Mapang. In the longest days, should a traveller keep himself in motion, it can be performed from daybreak till dusk, which is reckoned a great feat. Several of the Lamas and Khampas make the circuit of this mountain, as well as of Mapang, every year, and I have seen numbers of them.

There is a mountain of the same name near Reedung, which has an elevation of 30° to 32°. It rises to the height of 12,000 feet above the town, or 21,000 higher than the sea; . and to shew the idea the natives have of the Eastern Kylas, I need only mention that the Reedung Kylas, is not reckoned half of the other, and is said to be a piece

* Dumchoo by Putee Ram, in Mr. Fraser's book, like most Tartar places, has several names. It is also called Durchun, and is situate at the foot of Kylas, Kengree or Gangree, which last two words are also sometimes applied to the place, although they properly belong to the mountain itself.

Heoonlas and Kangree are the Tartar names for this mountain; Kylas the Hindee one.

of it, broken off and removed by the gods to please a devotee; they also say that the Eastern Kylas is much steeper than the Reedung one.

This estimate is very vague, for if both the mountains called Kylas be taken at the same height from the ground, the eastern one will come out 30,000 feet. At all events, however, it must be very elevated, considering the vast height of the plain from which it rises.

HOT SPRINGS AND SUBTERRANEAN FIRES.

There are no volcanoes in any part of those hills, and, I believe, it has been remarked that they have seldom been observed at remote distances from the sea, and some people think that the elastic force of the steam of water is necessary to produce these dreadful irruptions.* There is certainly no want of the ingredients to form volcanoes, as is instanced in the numerous hot springs and subterranean fires, and, probably, the same cause that prevents volcanoes, may render the earthquakes, which are felt in Upper India, slight: one, however, occurred in 1803, which shook most of the edifices in the northern provinces of Hindoostan, and laid great part of Delhi, Agra, Sirinugur, and other places, in ruins.

Subterranean fires have been observed in several

* This hypothesis seems to be overturned by the existence of two volcanoes in Central Tartary, 1,200 miles from the Caspian, which is the

nearest sea.

They are the volcano of Tourfan, in lat. 43° 30′ and long. 89° 31', and the White Mountain in the country of Bisch Balikh, in lat. 46o and long. 78° 30′ (See Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, vol. iv. page 156.)

places; one of these, Jooalamookhee, in the district of Kangra, has been mentioned; another was visited by Mr. Forster at Muschid-Sir, on the bank of the Caspian; and I have heard of three in the hill state of Dooloo, to the eastward of the Gogra; these are at Padooka, Nabhee, and Siree-Than, within a distance of fifteen or twenty miles.

Hot springs are numerous: those at Budreenath, Tirtapooree, Jumoutree, Koongloong, Rungpoor, and near Teshoo-Loomboo, have been visited by other travellers. There are some in the Rajship of Sooked, opposite Soonee, on the right bank of the Sutluj; there are eight or ten of them, which, of course, are reckoned sacred. They are about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and two or three feet distant from the stream. On the 11th October, the thermometer plunged into one was raised to 130° 5′, whilst the temperature of the river was 61°. As the Sutluj rises, the springs recede, and keep nearly the same distance from it; the water bubbles up amongst small pebbles, has a strong sulphureous smell and very disagreeable saltish taste, and encrusts the stones with a yellow substance, perhaps sulphur.

In Kooloo, on the right bank of the Sutluj, there are hot wells at Kulat, Bushist-Rikhee and Muneekurn; the last is most celebrated, and the water is said to be so hot as to cook rice.

In Busehur there are hot springs, at Jouree, Nutpa, and Boktee; but by far the most famous in this quarter is Zungsum, between the Speetee and Paratee rivers, four miles north of Shealkhur: I wished to visit it in August last, but from there being

no bridge, it was impossible to cross the river when swelled by liquid snow. These wells are in the greatest repute, and diseased people travel from distant places to bathe in them and drink the water, which is said to excite a great appetite. There are six or eight springs not far from the river, each of which is reckoned a specific against some complaint, and the names of the different diseases, together with directions for bathing and drinking the water, are engraved in the Tartar language upon large flat stones fixed by the side of each.

RAWUN RUDD, OR, LANGA-CHO.*

Mr. Moorcroft says this lake is reckoned four times as large as Mapang, which would give the circumference about double, but most of the accounts I have received, make it no more than six days circuit, and only one person called it seven. The circuit of Langa is not strictly enjoined by the Lama religion, and I have not seen more than six or eight people who performed it. The road is represented to be much worse than the one round Mansurowur, and full of angles and sharp turns, so it is likely not much larger than Mapang. Mr. Moorcroft states, that Rawun Rudd has always been represented to him as surrounding some large portions of rock a little detached from the Himachul, but adds, "this being the report of natives, must be received with caution." Now, I do not subscribe

This lake, as well as Mansurowur, abcunds with water-fowl in summer such as geese, ducks, saruses, cranes, and gulls of various kinds.

+ If a person take the least trouble, he can soon see if the natives are telling the truth or not: as good a way as any is to note down a route as it