ken, that is Lanka, Lake of Du Halde, is named Lanktshou,* or by Dr. Gilchrist's way of spelling, Lankchoo or Langchoo, for k and g are interchanged. Now this is little different from what the Sutluj is called in Chinese Tartary, that is Langzhing-Choo or Langzhing-Khampa. I could not ascertain the meaning of zhing, but it appears to have nothing to do with the name of the river, for the Indus is named Singe-Choo, or SingzhingChoo, as well as Singzhing-Khampa, and the last word means river.

According to Tiefenthaler, the stream that runs from Mansurowur to the West, is the Satlouj, (Sutluj,) which passes near Chaparang (Chubrung). This, however, he (Tiefenthaler) discredits, and Major Rennell adds, "very justly."+ This opinion must have

* Major Rennell thinks that the Lamas, who knew the source of the Bramapootra, were mistaken about the river that flows from Lanka Lake to the westward, which they call Langchoo, but had the Lamas been followed in their latitudes as well as in their names of rivers, our maps of India (with the exception of Arrowsmith's late one,) would have been much more correct than they are.

I traced the Pubur from the snow near its source, where it was but a few feet broad and three inches deep; five miles further down, after it had received numerous rills, it was about twenty feet broad, and unfordable; seven miles farther, it was upwards of thirty feet in breadth. Here it was joined by a stream of equal size, and at this point the turbulence and thundering noise of the torrents clashing together, is beyond description. This was in the month of June, before the commencement of the periodical rains, and as the three large branches of the Ganges, the Baugeerutee, Junnubee, and Alukmondra, wind a considerable way amongst the Himalaya, they have a great many feeders which, united to the other streams (many of which are very considerable) that join the Ganges lower down, make a great addition to it, so that at Hurdwar it is of a good size, although not to be compared with the Sarda. I may add, that the Gogra, where it unites with the Ganges, near Chupra, contains by far the greatest body of water, although the latter river has been joined by the Jumna, and many other large streams, as may be seen by the maps.

The Gorkhas all say that the Kurnalee, a branch of the Gogra or Sarda, is by far the largest river within the hills that is crossed between Nepaul and the Punjab, not even excepting the Sutluj.

been founded upon the seeming impossibility of the Ganges increasing so much in size before it enters the plains, were its source on the southern-western face of the Himalaya: and I must own that, to a person who has not visited the snowy mountains, nor seen the rapid augmentation of the rivers that rise amongst liquid snow, this seems natural enough. Yet some degree of dependence might still have been placed on the authority of the natives, especially as they insisted that the Ganges issued from the south-western foot of the Himalaya, and that the river from Mansurowur, was a different one, and called Langchoo, or Sutluj, which was represented as having a very long course, as is actually the case.

In the map of the Lamas sent by Emperor Camhi of China, to explore the sources of the Ganges, Mansurowur is placed in lat. 29° 30'. M. D'Anville removed it to 32'; Major Rennell has got it in 33° 15′, which, he says, "may serve to shew how vague a performance the Lamas' map is, which errs 3° 30′ in latitude." M. Anquetil Du Perron has placed it so high as 36°, which is still wider from the truth, for its lat., according to Capt. Hearsey, who visited it, is only 30° 50′, and Capt. Webb brings it down to 30° 23', which last is certainly nearest the truth. Major Rennell mentions that Lassa, or Lahassa, is a full degree too low on the Lamas' map ;* but this, after

* The Lamas have certainly got Hurdwar 2' too low, and nearly 2o too far east; but it does not appear that they visited that place, and I rather think they did not. The long. of Mapang, in Rennell's map, which I sup pose must have been taken from that of the Lamas, is very near the truth, which, if it is reckoned all the way from Pekin, is highly creditable to them, and shews that they must have paid particular attention to the bearings and nature of the country. It also proves that they wished to give the truth.

all, does not appear a very great error, considering the imperfection of instruments so long ago as 1712, for even in the present day we find mistakes of more than half that quantity nearer home, notwithstanding the great modern improvements in constructing and dividing astronomical instruments. For instance, Baron De Humboldt informs us, that in the map published by Jeffereys in 1794, Mexico is 37' wrong in latitude; and in Arrowsmith's beautiful large one of the West Indies, it is 32′ too far north; and I may notice that in a later publication, Ree's Cyclopædia, it is twenty-eight miles false. If the error in the latitude of Lahassa be allowed for farther up, Mansurowur, according to the Lamas, will be no more than seven miles wrong in latitude, compared with Lahassa. It is not easy to form an estimate of the quantity of water contained in the Sutluj, for although the breadth can be determined, yet within the mountains there is scarcely a possibility of sounding it, on account of its great rapidity. The following are some of the breadths, taken at the narrowest places where there are bridges :

But I have found it in other parts 150 yards

across.

At Phulour Ghat, in the plains between Loodheeana and Lahour, where I crossed the Sutluj in the cold season of 1811 and 1812, I estimated the

breadth 250 yards; and the greatest depth, measured with a stick, was seven feet, and the current moderate. This will not, perhaps, be thought to accord with such a length of course, but it may be remarked, that, in winter, most of the streams that join it in Koonawur are arrested by frost, and the Sutluj itself is even frozen for 200 miles during two months at least.

In the rainy season, a more correct idea of its size cannot be formed in any place I have seen without the hills, for all the inlets, of which there are a good number, are full, and the country for miles is inundated by the overflowing of the river.

In Koonawur, the water of the Sutluj is always more or less discoloured by a number of very minute particles of shining sand suspended in the stream, which I believe Mr. Forster mentions to be the case, when he crossed the Indus, twenty miles above the fort of Attock.

The Sutluj is far largest and most turbid in June, July, and August, in which months the snow dissolves in the greatest quantity.

I have seen more than one hundred people who have travelled up the Sutluj, not exactly to its source, but to within ten or twelve miles of it, to the place whence the road turns off to Mansurowur. All the accounts agree that the largest stream issues from the western corner of Rawun Rudd, or Langa, and even close to that lake, it is stated to be thirty feet broad and one-and-a-quarter deep, in the dry season, and very rapid. By the time it reaches Thooling or Ling, eighty or ninety miles farther

down, it is so vastly increased by numberless rivulets, that it is reckoned too broad to admit of a rope bridge, and there is one of iron chains across it; a mile or so below which, it is said to be 120 yards broad and 1 feet deep, when lowest. Here it is fordable in April, September, and October, and might be also passed in March and November, were it not encumbered with large masses of floating ice. It is said, the velocity of the current is such, that it can scarcely be stemmed if the depth be above two feet, unless upon yaks; this shews that the declivity of the land must be great, and, indeed, Captain Hearsey told me, that under Daba it certainly runs seven or eight miles per hour.

The names of this river are as various as the countries it flows through. In Chinese Tartary it is called Langzhing-Khampa: the first word is probably derived from the Lake out of which it issues; and the latter, in the Tartar language, means river. It retains this appellation for 200 miles, and near Numgea its usual name is Muksung, signifying river, or great river; lower down, Sampoo, Sangpoo, and Sanpo, of the same meaning, are applied. At a sandy place below Murung, where gold dust is sometimes found in small quantities, it is commonly Zung-Tee; the first word means gold, and the latter water. In the lower parts of Koonawur, its only appellation is Sumudrung, or the river. Near the capital of Busehur it is called Sutroodra, or Sutoodra; by which it is likewise known as far down as its union with the Beah: but its common name thereabouts is Sutluj or Sutlooj, which words, together with Sutroodra, are very often used by the