to time appropriated for by Congress. The Board may establish or utilize such regional, local, or other agencies, and utilize such voluntary and uncompensated services, as may from time to time be needed.

(b) Upon the appointment of the three original members of the Board and the designation of its chairman, the old Board shall cease to exist; and all pending investigations and proceedings of the old Board, and all proceedings in the courts pursuant to Public Resolution Numbered 44, approved June 19, 1934 (48 Stat. 1183), to which the old Board is a party, shall be continued by the Board in its discretion. All orders made by the old Board pursuant to said Public Resolution Numbered 44 shall continue in effect unless modified, superseded, or revoked by the Board after due notice and hearing. All employees of the old Board shall be transferred to and become employees of the Board at their present grades and salaries, without acquiring by such transfer a permanent or civil-service status. All records, papers, and proporty of the old Board shall become records, papers, and property of the Board, and all unexpended funds and appropriations for the use and maintenance of the old Board shall become funds and appropriations available to be expended by the Board in the exercise of the powers, authority, and duties conferred on it by this Act.

(c) All the expenses of the Board, including all necessary traveling and subsistence expenses outside the District of Columbia incurred by the members or employees of the Board under its orders, shall be allowed and paid on the presentation of itemized vouchers therefor approved by the Board or by any individual it designates for that purpose.

SEC. 5. The principal office of the Board shall be in the District of Columbia, but it may meet and exercise any or all of its powers at any other place. The Board may, by one or more of its members or by such agents or agencies as it may designate, prosecute any inquiry necessary to its functions in any part of the United States. A member who participates in such an inquiry shall not be disqualified from subsequently participating in a decision of the Board in the

same case.

SEC. 6. (a) The Board shall have authority from time to time to make, amend, and rescind such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act. Such rules and regulations shall be effective upon publication in the manner which the Board shall prescribe.

(b) The Board shall have authority and is directed to study the activities of such boards and agencies as have been or may be hereafter established by agreement, code, or law to deal with labor disputes, and to receive from such boards reports of their activities.

RIGHTS OF EMPLOYEES

SEC. 7. Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in concerted activities, for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection.

SEC. 8. It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer—

(1) To interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 7.

(2) To dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization or contribute financial or other support to it: Provided, That subject to rules and regulations made and published by the Board pursuant to section 6 (a), an employer shall not be prohibited from permitting employees to confer with him during working hours without loss of time or pay.

(3) By discrimination in regard to hire or tenure of employment or any term or condition of employment to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization: Provided, That nothing in this Act, or in the National Industrial Recovery Act (U. S. C., title 15, secs. 701-712), as amended from time to time, or in any code or agreement approved or prescribed thereunder, or in any other statute of the United States, shall preclude an employer from making an agreement with a labor organization (not established, maintained, or assisted by any action defined in this Act as an unfair labor practice) to require as a condition of employment membership therein, if such labor organization is the representative of the majority of the employees in the appropriate collective bargaining unit covered by such agreement when made.

(4) To discharge or otherwise discriminate against an employee because he has filed charges or given testimony under this Act.

REPRESENTATIVES AND ELECTIONS

SEC. 9. (a) Representatives designated or selected for the purposes of collective bargaining by the majority of the employees in a unit appropriate for such purposes, shall be the exclusive representatives of all the employees in such unit for the purposes of collective bargaining in respect to rates of pay, wages, hours of employment, or other conditions of employment: Provided, That any individual employee or group of employees shall have the right at any time to present grievances to their employer through representatives of their own choosing.

(b) The Board shall decide whether, in order to effectuate the policies of this Act, the unit appropriate for the purposes of collective bargaining shall be the employer unit, craft unit, plant unit, or other unit.

(c) Whenever a question affecting commerce arises concerning the representation of employees, the Board may investigate such controversy and certify to the parties, in writing, the names or names of the representatives that have been designated or selected. In any such investigation, the Board shall provide for an appropriate hearing, either in conjunction with a proceeding under section 10 or otherwise, and may take a secret ballot of employees, or utilize any other suitable method to ascertain such representatives.

(d) Whenever an order of the Board made pursuant to section 10 (d) is based in whole or in part upon facts certified following an investigation pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, and there is a petition for the enforcement or review of such order, such certification and the record of such investigation shall be included in the transcript of the entire record required to be filed under subsections 10 (f) or 10 (g), and thereupon the decree of the court enforcing, modifying, or setting aside in whole or in part the order of the Board shall be made and entered upon the pleadings, testimony, and proceedings set forth in such transcript.

PREVENTION OF UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES

SEC. 10. (a) The Board is empowered, as hereinafter provided, to prevent any person from engaging in any unfair labor practice (listed in section 8) affecting commerce. This power shall be exclusive, and shall not be affected by any other means of adjustment or prevention that has been or may be established by agreement, code, law, or otherwise, except as provided in section 11.

(b) The Board may, in its discretion, defer in exercise of jurisdiction over any such unfair labor practice in any case where there is another means of prevention provided for by agreement, code, law, or otherwise, which has not been utilized. But in any case where the Board has so deferred, the Board may at any time thereafter institute proceedings under this Act in order to assure the effectuation of the policy of this Act and the development of a uniform body of administrative interpretation and practice with respect to unfair labor practices as defined herein.

(c) Whenever there is a charge or the Board shall have reason to believe that any person has engaged in or is engaging in any such unfair labor practice, the Board, or any agent or agency designated by the Board for such purposes, shall have power to issue and cause to be served upon such person a complaint stating the charges in that respect, and containing a notice of hearing before the Board or a member thereof, or before a designated agent or agency, at a place therein fixed, not less than three days after the serving of said complaint. Any such complaint may be amended by the member, agent, or agency conducting the hearing or the Board in its discretion at any time prior to the issuance of an order based thereon., The person so complained of shall have the right to file an answer and to appear in person or otherwise and give testimony at the place and time fixed in the complaint, and to invoke the compulsory process of the Board in summoning witnesses in its behalf. In the discretion of the member, agent, or agency conducting the hearing or the Board, any other person may be allowed to appear in the said proceeding to present testimony. In any such proceeding the rules of evidence prevailing in courts of law or equity shall not be controlling.

(d) The testimony taken by such member, agent, or agency or the Board shall be reduced to writing and filed with the Board. Thereafter, in its discretion, the Board may take further testimony or hear argument. If upon all the testimony taken the Board shall be of the opinion that any person named

in the complaint has engaged in or is engaging in any such unfair labor practice, then the Board shall state its findings of fact and shall issue and cause to be served on such person an order requiring such person to cease and desist from such unfair labor practice, and to take such affirmative action, including restitution, as will effectuate the policies of this Act. Such order may further require such person to make reports from time to time showing the extent to which it has complied with the order. If, upon all the testimony taken, the Board shall be of the opinion that no person named in the complaint has engaged in or is engaging in any such unfair labor practice, then the Board shall state its findings of fact and shall issue an order dissolving the said complaint.

(e) Until a transcript of the record in a case shall have been filed in a court, as hereinafter provided, the Board may at any time, upon reasonable notice and in such manner as it shall deem proper, modify or set aside, in whole or in part, any finding or order made or issued by it.

(f) If such person fails or neglects to obey such order of the Board while the same is in effect, the Board may petition any circuit court of appeals of the United States within any circuit wherein the unfair labor practice in question occurred or wherein such person resides or transacts business, or the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, for the enforcement of such order and for appropriate temporary relief or restraining order, and shall certify and file in the court a transcript of the entire record in the proceeding, including the pleadings and testimony upon which such order was entered and the findings and order of the Board. Upon such filing, the court shall cause notice thereof to be served upon such person, and thereupon shall have jurisdiction of the proceeding and of the question determined therein, and shall have power to grant such temporary relief or restraining order as it deems just and proper, and shall make and enter upon the pleadings, testimony, and proceedings set forth in such transcript a decree enforcing, modifying, or setting aside in whole or in part the order of the Board. No objection that has not been urged before the Board, its member, agent, or agency, shall be considered by the court, unless the failure or neglect to urge such objection shall be excused because of extraordinary circumstances. The findings of the Board as to the facts, if supported by evidence, shall be conclusive. If either party shall apply to the court for leave to adduce additional evidence and shall show to the satisfaction of the court that such additional evidence is material and that there were reasonable grounds for the failure to adduce such evidence in the hearing before the Board, its member, agent, or agency, the court may order such additional evidence to be taken before the Board, its member, agent, or agency, and to be made a part of the transcript. The Board may modify its findings as to the facts, or make new findings, by reason of additional evidence so taken and filed, and it shall file such modified or new findings, which, if supported by evidence, shall be conclusive, and shall file its recommendations, if any, for the modification or setting aside of its original order. The jurisdiction of the court shall be exclusive and its judgment and decree shall be final, except that the same shall be subject to review by the Supreme Court of the United States upon writ of certiorari or certification as provided in sections 239 and 240 of the Judicial Code, as amended (U. S. C., title 28, secs. 346 and 347).

(g) Any person aggrieved by an order of the Board granting or denying in whole or in part the relief sought may obtain a review of such order in any circuit court of appeals of the United States in the circuit wherein the unfair labor practice in question was alleged to have been engaged in or wherein such person resides or transacts business, or in the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, by filing in such court a written petition praying that the order of the Board be modified or set aside. A copy of such petition shall be forthwith served upon the Board, and thereupon the aggrieved party shall file in the court a transcript of the entire record in the proceeding, certified by the Board, including the pleading and testimony upon which the order complained of was entered and the findings and order of the Board. Upon such filing, the court shall proceed in the same manner as in the case of an application by the Board under subsection (f), and shall have the same exclusive jurisdiction to grant to the Board such temporary relief or restraining order as it deems just and proper, and shall in like manner make and enter a decree enforcing, modifying, or setting aside, in whole or in part, the order of the Board; and the findings of the Board as to the facts, if supported by evidence, shall in like manner be conclusive.

(h) The commencement of proceedings under subsection (f) or (g) of this section shall not, unless specifically ordered by the court, operate as a stay of the Board's order.

(i) When granting appropriate temporary relief or restraining order, or making and entering a decree enforcing, modifying, or setting aside in whole or in part an order of the Board, as provided in this section, the jurisdiction of courts sitting in equity shall not be limited by the act entitled "An act to amend the Judicial Code and to define and limit the jurisdiction of courts sitting in equity, and for other purposes" (U. S. C., title 29, secs. 101-115).

(j) Petitions filed under this act shall be heard expeditiously, and if possible within 10 days after they have been docketed.

SEC. 11. The several District Courts of the United States are hereby invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain any unfair labor practice affecting commerce; and it shall be the duty of the several district attorneys of the United States, in their respective districts, under the direction of the Attorney General, but solely at the request of the National Labor Relations Board, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain any such unfair labor practice, in the judicial district wherein such unfair labor practice occurred or wherein the person complained of resides or transacts business. Such proceedings may be by way of petition setting forth the case and praying that such violation be enjoined and that such affirmative action, including restitution, be required as will effectuate the policies of this act. When such person shall have been duly notified of such petition the court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearings and determination of the case; and pending such petition and before final decree, the court may at any time make such temporary restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the premises.

ARBITRATION

SEC. 12. (a) The Board shall have power to act and to appoint any person, agent, or agency to act as arbitrator in labor disputes, when parties agree to submit the whole or any part of a labor dispute to the arbitration of the Board or its appointees. A provision in a written contract or a written agreement to submit to the arbitration of the Board or is appointees, when accepted by the Board after the dispute has arisen, shall be valid and irrevocable as to the parties to the agreement, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract. If any party fails, neglects, or refuses to perform under such contract or submission, the Board, its agents or appointees, may nevertheless, in the discretion of the Board, proceed to hear the case ex parte, and the Board, its agents or appointees, shall have the power to issue and award applicable to the submitting parties.

(b) The Board shall make and publish, pursuant to section 6 (a), rules for the conduct of arbitrations, and an agreement to submit to the arbitration of the Board, or its appointees or its agents, shall be deemed consent to the proceeding being conduced in accordance with such rules then obtaining unless otherwise specified in the arbitration contract or submission. An agreement to submit to the Board shall authorize the Board to appoint agents to take evidence, and in the discretion of the Board, to render a decision in the name of the Board on the findings thus presented, unless otherwise specified in the agreement. The Board may, however, in its discretion, render a decision on testimony taken before its agents.

(c) In any case in which an award has been made, the Board shall file the award in the clerk's office of the United States District Court that has been agreed upon by the parties, or, in default of such agreement, that of the district wherein the labor dispute arose or the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Notice of the filing shall be personally served or sent by registered mail to each submitting party. Unless a petition to impeach the award on the grounds hereinafter set forth shall be filed in the clerk's office of the court in which the award has been filed, the court shall enter judgment in accordance with the terms of the award: Provided, That no employee individually, and no group of employees collectively, shall be compelled to render labor or services without their consent.

(d) A petition for the impeachment of any award may be filed not more than ten days after the communication of notice of the filing of the award to the submitting parties. Notice of filing of such petition shall be served personally or sent by registered mail to each submitting party. The petition shall be sustained by the court only on one or more of the following grounds:

1. That the proceedings were not substantially in conformity with the provisions of the arbitration agreement or rules adopted for the conduct of the arbitration.

2. That an arbitrator or member of the Board participating in the award was guilty of fraud or corruption; or that a party to the award practiced fraud or corruption which affected the result: Provided, That partisanship known, or which by the exercise of due care should have been known, by a party prior to the arbitration proceeding, shall not constitute fraud of which he may avail himself within the meaning of this section.

(e) The court shall not set aside an award on the ground that it is invalid for uncertainty. In such case the court shall suspend action pending its resubmission of said award to the Board for interpretation.

(f) Where there was an evident material miscalculation of figures, or an evident material mistake in the description of any person, thing, or property referred to in the award, or where the arbitrators have awarded on a matter not submitted to them, unless it is a matter affecting the merits of the decision on the matters submitted or where the award is imperfect in the matter of form not affecting the matter of the controversy, the court shall modify and correct the award so as to effect the intent thereof and promote justice between the parties, and thereupon shall enter judgment in accordance with subsection (c).

(g) The court shall construe every award with a view of favoring its validity. If the court shall determine that a part of the award is invalid on some ground or grounds designated in this section as a ground of invalidity, but that a part of the award is valid, the court shall nevertheless enter judgment upon such part or parts of the award as are valid unless such part or parts are inseparable from the remainder of the award, in which case the entire award shall be vacated.

(h) If the petition for impeachment of the award is not sustained, the court shall enter judgment in accordance with the terms of the award, and in accordance with subsection (c). Where a petition for the impeachment of an award is granted, the award shall be vacated, and the court shall remand the arbitration to the Board, which may, in its discretion, accept the case for resubmission to arbitration in accordance with the terms of the original agreement or with such modifications as the Board deems fit, or it may refuse to take any further action regarding it.

INVESTIGATORY POWERS

SEC. 13. For the purpose of all hearings and investigations, which, in the opinion of the Board, are necessary and proper for the exercise of the powers vested in it by section 9, section 10, and section 12 (in any arbitration affecting commerce)

(1) The Board, or its duly authorized agents or agencies, shall at all reasonable times have access to, for the purpose of examination, and the right to copy any evidence of any person being investigated or proceeded against that relates to any matter under investigation or in question. Any member of the Board shall have power to issue subpenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of any evidence that relates to any matter under investigation or in question, before the Board, its member, agent, or agency conducting the hearing or investigation. Any member of the Board, or any agent or agency designated by the Board for such purposes, may administer oaths and affirmations, examine witnesses, and receive evidence. Such attendance of witnesses and the production of such evidence may be required from any place in the United States or any Territory or possession thereof, at any designated place of hearing.

(2) In case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena issued to any person, any District Court of the United States or the United States courts of any Territory or possession, within the jurisdiction of which the inquiry is carried on or within the jurisdiction of which said person guilty of contumacy or refusal to obey is found or resides or transacts business, and the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, upon application by the Board shall have jurisdiction to issue to such person an order requiring such person to appear before the Board, its member, agent, or agency, there to produce evidence if so ordered, or there to give testimony touching the matter under investigation or in question; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by said court as a contempt thereof.