which the English nation, then faithfully represented by its House of Commons, first expected and then resisted the encroachments which absolutism seemed disposed to make upon its liberties. All the constitutional means known to the people were tried in the hope of bringing the king to reason, and though the application of these was the occasion of some heat, it was supposed that an open rupture between King and Parliament might be avoided, until Charles himself opened the way to unconstitutionalism by deserting London, which he declared to be unsafe for him to live in, and unfurling the royal standard at Nottingham, on which occasion he declared that the quarrel must be referred to the arbitrament of the sword, and set forward accordingly upon the path of blood. The third sketch of the series shows the character and qualifications of the man who succeeded Charles in the government of the kingdom, and is intended to set forth both the good and evil of the Lord Protector's rule. That both were manifested there cannot be any doubt, and much of the evil was derived from the action rendered absolutely necessary by the exceptional state of things, by the demand for severe repressive measures in the presence of numerous and never-ending plots for the subversion of the Government, and by the need which the new Government had constantly to assert itself. In the sketch an attempt was made to show not only the character of the Protector's government, but the character of the Protector himself, the cares he suffered, the weight of responsibility he endured, and the depressing sense he entertained of the utter hopelessness of what he was doing. The manner of his death was also mentioned, and one side of a contrast was established to show how different was the political influence of England and her place among the nations during the time of the Commonwealth, and the time which immediately succeeded it. Following the sketch entitled "King Charles's Veto on Emigration," came, in order of date, an account of "How England became possessed of India." Herein we told the story of the growth of the East India Company, bound up as it was with the achievements of Robert Clive and of Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of India. How the powers of the Company were transferred to the Crown; how the Queen of England was proclaimed Sovereign of Great Britain and the Colonies (including India) in 1858, and Empress of India in 1876; how the Sepoy mutiny broke out and was quelled-all these things we have narrated at some length. The restoration of the House of Stuart is said by some to have been allowed, in order to convince the nation of the utter impossibility of suffering its princes to sit upon the English throne. That Charles II. and his friends conducted themselves in a manner to forfeit the good opinion of all patriotic and right-minded men, and that this misconduct had its counterpart in every department of the State, are matters of general history; all that could be done here was to give one notable instance in which the Stuart influence permeated to and corrupted even the fountains of justice, and made the public tribunals a mockery and a byeword. The story of the Bloody Assize was added to show the entire hopelessness of the Stuart régime, and to explain the reasons which in 1688 led the English legislature to declare that King James II. "had broken the original contract between king and people, and that the throne of Great Britain was vacant." The very worst and most questionable incident in the life of William III.-the massacre of Glencoe-has been made the subject of a sketch in order that the man might appear as he really was, even under such unfavourable circumstances, a disinterested hero. The slur of the massacre has been cast upon the king, whose minister presumed upon his position to gratify a private, local malice, and to do a large amount of veritable evil in the belief that good would result from it; but how little William himself had to do with the matter has been shown, we trust, in our sketch of the business. We have forborne to take, as we might easily have done, a sketch from parts of his life when he would have appeared solely as a beneficent man, who had renounced the first position in his own country, and the pleasures of independence, in order to do good as the leader of a country which looked to him as its only possible chief, but yet rewarded him for his devotion by deliberately stamping on all his most cherished plans, and thwarting all his private personal wishes. In Sketches XVIII., XIX., XXVII., and XXVIII., it was shown when and by what means Ireland and Scotland became parts of the empire, the deliberate policy by which Edward I. was guided in his obstinate endeavours to subjugate Scotland, and the almost accidental circumstances under which the disunited chiefs in Ireland allowed their country to fall a prey to the rapacity and desperation of a few Anglo-Norman adventurers. An attempt was also made to do justice to the efforts of those who at various times endeavoured to win back independence for their respective countries, and it was detailed how the struggle, continued down to comparatively modern times, was ended by union, arranged on terms agreed to by both sides. In Sketches XX, and XXI. (Vol. II., pages 218 and 253) are detailed the efforts made by the House of Stuart to re-enter into authority in the kingdom; there, too, is described the result of their last attempt to take the kingdom by violence, and the determination with which the bulk of the English nation declared for the House of Hanover and Protestant succession. The disgraceful circumstances under which Admiral Byng was offered up as a sacrifice to appease the populace for the national disasters which came thick and fast during a portion of the reign of George II., are set forth in Sketch XXII. (Vol. II., page 285), while in Sketch XXIV. the origin of the United States is briefly narrated. The remaining three papers which conclude the series of Sketches from English History describe the Gordon riots, or the attempts which ignorant and misguided men made to overthrow the oppressive government of George III. in so far as it affected the working class; the dagger scene in the House of Commons, when Mr. Burke warned the House and the nation of the rock towards which the policy of Mr. Fox, which was the policy of the French Revolution, was guiding the vessel of the State; and the meaning of the interest which the people took in the case of the demagogue Wilkes, the man whom, as stated in the sketch, the Earl of Chatham appropriately described as "the blasphemer of his God, and the libeller of his king." These sketches include subjects from the earliest period of English constitutional history, and those taken from periods immediately anterior to the great war of England and her allies with the apostles of the French Revolution. In succeeding articles we hope to present a few characteristic sketches showing some of the great incidents in ancient history and the life of Continental nations in modern times. LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.-XXIX. ASIA. Position on the Earth's Surface.-Asia, the cradle of the human race, and the original seat of the Garden of Eden, lies within the northern and eastern hemispheres, and to the east and south-east of Europe. The greater part of this continent lies within the north temperate zone; the exceptions being part of Siberia, which lies within the north frigid zone, and parts of Arabia, Hindostan, Further India, and China, which lie within the torrid zone. Boundaries.-Asia is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean; on the south by the Indian Ocean and the Chinese Sea; on the east by the Pacific Ocean; and on the west by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Mount Caucasus, Black Sea, Sea of Marmora, the Mediterranean Sea, the Isthmus of Suez, which connects it with Africa, and the Red Sea or Arabian Gulf, Extent, Length, Breadth, etc.-This continent extends from lat. 78° 25' N., to lat. 1° 20′ S.; and from long. 26° 4′ E., to long. 170° W. This shows that a very small portion of this continent lies in the western half of the northern hemisphere. Its length, from the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, at the entrance to the Red Sea, to Behring Strait, between Asia and North America, is about 7,000 miles, measured across the continent in a straight line, as the crow flies. Its breadth, from Cape Severo, also called Cape Tcheliuskin, and North East Cape, in Siberia, in a straight line from north to south, almost identical with the 102nd meridian of east longitude, to Cape Romania, at the extremity of the Malay Peninsula, is about 5,250 miles. This continent is connected with that of Africa, at the Isthmus of Suez, which is about 80 miles wide. The surface of Asia, in cluding its islands, is reckoned by some to contain about 16,626,500 square miles, and its population to be about 712,000,000; if these approximations be somewhat near the truth, there will be, on an average, about 42 inhabitants to every square mile of this division of the world; but much of it contains vast deserts, destitute both of useful vegetation and human population. Thus, in Siberia, which is reckoned by some to contain about 5,500,000 square miles, the population, according to a recent estimate, was scarcely more than 4,000,000 inhabitants; which allows only four inhabitants to every 5 square miles. On the other hand, China Proper contains about 1,700,000 square miles, while the population is about 370,000,000 inhabitants; and this estimate allows about 217 inhabitants to the square mile! The linear extent of the coast line of the continent of Asia is reckoned by some at 35,000 miles, while by others it is estimated at only 30,000 miles. The seas and gulfs of Asia, on the west and the south, form an important feature of its natural divisions. The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf may be called inland seas. The Red Sea, so famous in sacred history, otherwise called the Arabian Gulf, with its two arms, the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Akabah, over the former of which the Israelites crossed on dry ground, is about 1,500 miles long, its breadth varying from 100 to 200 miles, except in the gulfs at its northern extremity, and its surface being about 200,000 square miles. The two arms above mentioned are so called from the names of the towns at their northern extremities; these arms inclose between them the desert region called the peninsula of Sinai, in which the forty years' wanderings of the tribes of Israel were performed-fit emblem of the wanderings of human life in this lower world. The entrance to the Red Sea is by the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, about seventeen miles wide. This sea opens out at this strait, through the Gulf of Aden, into the Arabian Sea, which washes the western shores of India, the southern shores of Arabia, and terminates in the entrance to the Persian Gulf, at the Strait of Ormuz, through the Gulf or Sea of Oman. The Persian Gulf contains about 95,000 square miles. The Bay of Bengal, whose waters wash the eastern shores of Hindostan or India, and the western shores of the peninsula of Further India, is an arm of the Indian Ocean. The part of this bay which washes the shores of the British province of Pegu, in Further India, is called the Gulf of Martaban. To the east of the Indian Ocean lies the Oriental Archipelago, studded with the East India Islands. To the north of this lies the Chinese Sea, with the gulfs of Siam and Tonquin. The channel between the Malay Peninsula and the Island of Sumatra is called the Strait of Malacca. Between the islands of Sumatra and Java is the Strait of Sunda, these islands being called the Sunda Isles. From the Chinese Sea to the Tong Hai, or Eastern Sea, the passage is through the Strait of Formosa; north of the last-named sea lies the Yellow Sea, whose waters wash the eastern shores of China Proper; the north-west part of the Yellow Sea being called the Gulf of Pe-che-lee, and the northern part the Gulf of Leao-tong. Between the peninsula of Corea and the islands of Japan lies the Sea of Japan, the north part of which is called the Gulf of Tartary. North of this gulf lies the Sea of Okhotsk, or Kurile Sea, which washes the western shores of the peninsula of Kamtschatka. On the other side of this peninsula is the Sea of Kamtschatka, or Behring Sea, bounded on the south by the Aleutian Isles. All these seas and gulfs, from the Strait of Malacca to Behring Strait, between Asia and America, are branches or arms of the North Pacific Ocean. Behring Strait, which is reckoned by some writers to be only 52 miles broad at the narrowest part, separates the Arctic Ocean from the Pacific. In the former, there are some gulfs which run into the northern parts of Siberia, namely, the Kara Gulf or Sea, with its arms, the Gulfs of Obi and Yeniseisk. The islands which lie around Asia are of the highest importance both to that continent and to the continent of Europe, to which they principally belong, as colonial possessions in the east of European nations. But, although we mention these islands at the present time, in consequence of their proximity to the mainland of the Asiatic continent, it must be remembered that, with a few exceptions, the islands that we are about to name are included in the division of the earth named Oceania. The islands that strictly belong to Asia are named in the summary of islands at the end of this lesson. The East Indies, otherwise called the islands of the Oriental, Eastern, or Asiatic Archipelago, have been long famous for their produce; and situated under the line of the equator, or within the torrid zone, they yield such as cannot be found in more temperate climes. The Sunda Isles, with Sumatra and Java, with others, lie to the south of the peninsula of Further India (which, with Hindostan, is often included under the general name of the East Indies); the length of Sumatra is about 1,100 miles, and its breadth about 160 miles-it contains a surface of about 130,000 square miles; the length of Java is about 600 miles, and its breadth 100 miles-it contains a surface of about 52,000 square miles. The island of Borneo, which lies to the east of Sumatra, and to the north of Java, is about 850 miles long, and about 700 miles broad, and contains about 300,000 square miles. This island is the largest island in the world. The island of Celebes is about 500 miles long, and about 150 miles broad, and contains about 72,000 square miles. The equator crosses each of these three islands nearly at the middle of each. Next follow the Molucca Islands, called, from their products, the Spice Islands, including Amboyna, 32 miles long, by 12 miles broad, and containing about 282 square miles; then the Philippine Islands, north of these, including Luzon and Mindanao; the former about 400 miles long, and about 100 miles broad, with a surface of about 56,000 square miles; and the latter about 300 miles long, and about 108 miles broad. North of the Philippines is the island of Formosa, belonging to China; and the Loo-choo Islands, north-east of Formosa, subject to China. North and north-east of these islands are the Japan Islands, of which the largest is Niphon, about 800 miles long, and 100 broad; the next, Jesso, or Yesso, about 280 miles long, and 200 miles broad; next, Kiusiu, about 150 miles long, and 120 miles broad; and the next Sikoke, about 90 miles long, and 50 broad. These islands include a surface of about 265,000 square miles, and form an important appendage to the continent of Asia. The other islands on the west of Asia, and in the North Pacific Ocean, are of small size and importance. In the northern ocean there are a few islands, of which very little is known. South of India are the Andaman and Nicobar Isles, in the Bay of Bengal, and the important island of Ceylon, southeast of the peninsula of Hindostan, with an area of about 23,500 square miles, and a population of about 1,500,000-a fine appanage of the British crown; it is separated from the peninsula of India by the Gulf of Manaar, and the strait called Palk Strait. On the other side of Cape Comorin, the most southern point of India, lie the Laccadive and Maldive Islands, southwest of the Malabar coast. River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL SEAS AND Black Sea, N. of Turkey. [Minor. Sea of Marmora, N.W. of Asia Egean Sea or Archipelago, W. of Asia Minor. Levant, W. of Syria. Gulf of Aden, S. of Arabia. Persian Gulf, E. of Arabia. Gulf of Manaar, E. of Ceylon. Chinese Sea, S. of China. Gulf of Siam, S. of Further India. India. Yellow Sea, E. of China. Kara Sea, or Gulf of Kara, N.W. ISLANDS. Rhodes, Scio, Mitylene, in the Cyprus, in the Levant. Islands. Thus conjugate cupio, 3, I wish, desire; facio, 3, I do, make; fodio, 3, I dig; jacio, 3, I throw; pario, 3, I bring forth; rapio, 3, I plunder; sapio, 3, I taste, etc.; dico, 3, I say; duco, 3, I lead; facio, I do or make; fero, 3, I bear. The 2nd person singular of the imperatives of the last four verbs are respectively dic, duc, fac, fer. Let it be again remarked that the participles in -us are declined like adjectives in -us, thus: In all instances they must agree with their nouns. So also must the infinitive passive of the past tense, as eruditum esse, eruditam esse; eruditos esse, to have been instructed, the participle changing as the noun changes. The participle future in rus is frequently used after a verb denoting motion, to point out the object or design; as, veniunt expugnaturi urbem, they come with a view to capture the city. Besides the conjugations now set forth, there is another recognised by grammarians. This is called the Periphrastic Conjugation. It is called periphrastic (Greek, weрi, per'-i, about; and opaois, phra'-sis, a speech), because it is a kind of circumlocution; the changes of idea not being expressed by additions to the stem, as in the ordinary conjugations, but by two separate words. Thus such a conjugation or form is made by the participles and the several tenses of the verb esse, to be; for ! example meaning; as, legendum est, it is to be read; that is, reading must be done by some one. The subject of the action is indicated by pronouns in the dative case; thus: Mihi amandum est, I must love. The participle present has often a causal force, or assigns the reason of the action expressed in the sentence. It must sometimes be rendered into English as if it were a verb in the indicative mood; and sometimes as if it were an infinitive. Use only can make these peculiarities quite clear and easy. The participle present and the participle perfect passive are used with a noun in the ablative case, forming what is called "the ablative absolute" (ab and solutus, disconnected, indepen dent; that is, in construction). Observe that the Romans employed the second person sin. gular when they spoke of or to a single person. Consequently, you must translate you as if it were thou, in the English-Latin exercises, except when more persons than one are obviously intended. EXERCISE 104.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. Amici mei unā domo capi non possunt. 2. Dic nobis quá conso latione æger amici animus lenitus sit. 3. Non capiunt angustiæ pectoris tui tantam personam. 4. Nec te orbis terrarum capiet. 5. Capiendus est mihi cibus. 6. Tibi docendum est. 7. Docens pueros, valde amabĕris. 8. Dic cur puer punitus sit. 9. Bellum cepit finem. 10. Vide ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat. 11. Dic mihi quid tibi a sorore scriptum sit. 12. Nullum vitium tetrius est quam avaritia, præsertim in principibus rempublicam gerentibus. 13. Cogitantes cœlestia, hæc nostra ut exigua contemnimus. 14. Odiosum est genus hominum officia exprobrantium. 15. Ex labore sudanti frigidæ aquæ potio est perniciosa 16. Vir bonus viro bono non supplicanti succur. rit. 17. Ciconia in alienas terras migrature in unum locum congregantur. 18. Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem congregatur, ludos publicos spectatura. 19. Omnes dolores, patienter tolerati, minus acerbi sunt. 20. Dux dimittit milites ob eximiam virtutem laudatos. 21. Multi juvenes in primă pueritia a parentibus male educati, in perniciem ruunt. 22. Regnante Xerxe (abl. abs.), Græci de Persis splendidissimam victoriam reportaverunt. 23. Inter bonos viros et Deum amicitia est, conciliante natură (abl, abs.). 24. Appropinquante hieme, multæ aves mitiores regiones petunt. 25. Recuperată pace, artes efflorescunt, 26. Regibus exterminatis, Romani liberam rempublicam fundaverunt. 27. Terra mutată, mores hominum non mutantur. 28. Legibus divinis sancte observatis, vita nostra beata erit. EXERCISE 105.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. True friends can be received in a small house. 2. The narrow limits of this house will not receive so great a character. 3. Tell me what your father has said to you. 4. Bear the water to thy mother. 5. Avarice in parents who govern their houses is a great evil. 6. Avarice blotted out, evil is blotted out. 7. Thinking of his native country, the soldier lost his life. 8. To one who is in fear (fearing), a friend is a great solace. 9. The state being disturbed, who can be happy? 10. A large multitude of men have come to drink wine. 11. The soldiers being praised, were dismissed. 12. In the reign of Victoria (Victoria reigning, abl. abs.), the POPULAR EDUCATOR (Ed. cator Popularis) was established. 13. The book being changed, you do not change your thoughts. DEPONENT VERBS. I have already explained to you the meaning of the term deponent in the phrase Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs are passive in form, but active in signification. I have already informed you that there are deponent verbs in each of the four conjugations. Under the guidance of this information you But I know might possibly find your course sufficiently plain. Remember, then, that deponent verbs with a passive form have an active meaning. Take care that in construing you are not misled by the form. Take care not to confound passive verbs with deponent verbs. The exercises you are about to go through will assist you in these precautions, if you perform them carefully. Taking the conjugations in the order in which they stand in the preceding exercises, I begin with hortor, I encourage, of the first conjugation. Now before you go over the parts of the verb observe the meanings carefully, as presented in the following paradigm or example. Particularly notice that hortatus sum means I have encouraged; and hortatus, having encouraged. These deponent verbs have properly no participles with a passive signification; accordingly, hortans is encouraging; hortaturus, on the point of encouraging; and hortatus, having (not being) encouraged. DEPONENT VERBS.-FIRST CONJUGATION. Hortari, to Hortans, encourage. encourag- Hortatu- Hortatu- After this manner, form (write in full, putting the English to every single part) arbitror, 1, I am of opinion, I account; imitor, 1, I imitate; comitor, 1, I accompany; aspernor, 1, Í despise; dominor, 1, I rule, sway; mercor, 1, I purchase. Let me remind you of the fact that the participles here, as in all other cases, undergo such changes as are necessary to put them in concord with their nouns in number, case, and gender: thus, hortatus in the singular becomes hortati in the plural; and hortatus in the masculine becomes for the feminine hortata, and for the neuter hortatum. So the infinitive hortatum esse may stand thus with a masculine noun in the accusative case, but with a feminine noun in that case it must become hortatam VOCABULARY. esse. away. Admiror, 1, I admire. | Demum, adv., then at Propulso, 1, I drive EXERCISE 106.-LATIN-ENGLISH. -i, n., a 1. Quis non admiretur splendorem, pulchritudinemque virtutis? 2. Dux milites hortatus est ut hostium aciem perturbare conarentur. 3. Jam hostes urbem oppugnare conati sunt, quum repente a civibus propulsati sunt. 4. Tum demum beatus eris quum aspernatus eris voluptatem. 5. Contemplamini præclara virtutis exempla quæ in historiâ consignata sunt. 6. Venio te comitatum in hortum. 7. Somnia difficilia sunt interpretatu. 8. Socrates totius mundi se incolam et civem arbitrabatur. 9. Disce libens. 10. Quid dulcius est quam discere multa ? 11. Discentem comitantur opes, comitantur honores. 12. Homo imprõbus aliquando cum dolore flagitia sua recordabitur. EXERCISE 107.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. I have admired the beauty of the women. 2. They encouraged the man. 3. The king will encourage his forces to drive away the enemy. 4. The father accounted the son wicked. 5. Who will interpret the signs? 6. Then, for the first time, wilt thou interpret the signs of God when thou art (shalt be) wise and good. 7. The examples of virtue are easily to be interpreted. 8. He was accompanying me in the garden when thou camest. 9. I go to accompany my father. 10. My father has come to accompany me into the province. 11. Honours will accompany the good and the wise. 12. Boys, learn being willing (willingly), and you will be admired. KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN.-XXVIII. 2. I 1. My father takes care that I am strenuously cultivated. take care that the boy is well cultivated. 3. The father took care that the boy was well cultivated. 4. I take pains, that I may be loved by thee. 5. The conspiracy of Catiline was detected by Cicero. Hortatus, 6. Three most frightful wars have been carried on between the Romans having enand Carthaginians. 7. Labour and pleasure have been joined together couraged. by a certain natural relationship. 8. Many cities have been burnt by the enemies. 9. Scarcely had the enemies been beheld, when the soldiers were led out of the camp, in line of battle, by their general. 10. We feared that the city had been blockaded by the enemies. 11. Let God be religiously worshipped. 12. Let not the laws of God be despised. 13. Wise men always strive to be governed by reason. 14. Boys must be well cultivated. 15. Be not conquered by your desires. 16. You will not be rich unless riches (shall) have been despised by you. 17. Despising pleasures, you are loved. 18. So long as there is honour in learning, the Greek and Latin writers will be read in schools. EXERCISE 99.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. Meus animus excoletur. 2. Fratris mei animus excultus est. 3. Si animus excultus erit tu diligeris. 4. Divitiæ ab sapientibus contemnuntur. 5. Divitiæ a me contemnentur. 6. Divitiæ a patre contemptæ erunt. 7. Divitiæ a te, mi fili, contemnuntor. 8. Ratione regi studet. 9. Puer probe excolendus est. 10. Puer probe excolitor. 11. Curæ mihi fuit ut voluptates a liberis meis contemnerentur. 12. Latini scriptores in scholâ meâ leguntur. 13. Si bene vives, tu a bonis diligêris. 14. Metuo ut divitiæ a te contemnantur. 15. Multa bella ab Anglis gesta sunt. 16. Urbs ab hostibus combusta est. EXERCISE 100.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. The soldiers hungered and thirsted during the whole day. 2. Nature has clothed the eyes with very thin membranes. 3. Why have you adorned and clothed the walls of your house with chaplets ? |