III. FRONT OF CEPHALO-THORAX OP I. EPEIRA QUADRATA, A COMMON BRITISH SPIDER. II. UNDER-SIDE OF CEPHALO-THORAX OF AGElena. WALCKENAËRA ACUMINATA, WITH ITS EYES MOUNTED ON A WATCH TOWER. IV. DITTO OF EPEIRA. SHOWING THE RELATION OF THE NERVOUS AND ALIMENTARY SYSTEMS. VI. DIAGRAM OF SECTION OF SPIDER, SHOWING ITS BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM. VII. PYCNOGONIUM LITTORALE. VIII. IXODES (DOG-TICK). IX. SCORPION. Ref. to Nos, in Figs.—II. 1, mandible, or antennary jaw; 2, maxilla; 2, its palp; 3, labrum; 4, breastplate; 5, origin of legs. V. 1, brain; 2, thoracic ganglion with the cut ends of the nerves of the legs; 3, optic nerves; 4, mandibular nerves; 5, mouth; 6, commencement of stomach. VI. 1, Four-chambered heart; 2, lung. IX. 1, cephalo-thoracic shield succeeded by the abdominal segment; 2, mandible; 3, maxilla, with its pincor-like palp; 4, 5, 6, 7, legs; 8, comb-like organs on the sternum of the tenth segment; 9, telson, or sting. the arts, to compete with her. To display her skill she wove a piece of tapestry representing the loves of the gods, which was so faultless that Athena herself could not find a flaw in the design or execution. Not to be baffled, the goddess did what so many mortals do when surpassed by others-she tore the masterpiece to fragments. Arachne, in despair, essayed to hang herself; but Athena, more in anger than in kindness, changed the rope into a cobweb, and Arachne into a spider. If this legend should induce any one to be a little more considerate, or a little 66-N.E. generation to generation; but if any one will substitute a reason. able examination for an unreasonable avoidance, he will find that beautiful which he preconceived was ugly, and that interesting which he misjudged as repulsive. In those dark ages when superior wisdom and virtue were more certain to bring to their possessors hopeless imprisonment than the greatest crimes, many a solitary prisoner of refined and appreciative nature has waited to see the little Arachne descend from the roof of his cell with as much impatience as any lover beneath the casement of his love. Since the spinning faculty is that which is most “ Κεισαι δ' αραχνης εν ὑφασματι τῳδ ("Thou in the female spider's toils art lying, And breathest forth thy life, dishonoured dying.") Since the spider is the type of the class, we shall first call attention to the character which it possesses in common with the whole class Arachnida; then proceed to describe the structure of the common spider in detail; and finally notice the variations of this type in the different divisions of this class, such as scorpions, mites, etc. The Arachnida are articulated animals, whose bodies consist of a longitudinal series of segments like those of insects. This segmentation into rings is, however, often less marked than in insects, and in the true spiders, which have a smooth soft integu ment, the divisions are rather inferred, from tracing them in allied forms or in the embryonic state, as they become more and more obliterated, than from any indication of their actual presence in the adult animal. In all cases they are distinguished from insects by having no marked division between the head and thorax. Both these divisions are combined, as in the higher crustaceans, into one piece, called the cephalo-thorax. In the mites a still further amalgamation of the divisions of the body into one globate bag occurs, which represents at once head, thorax, and abdomen. Where there is a constriction between the thorax and abdomen, so that one can be distinguished from the other, the limbs are wholly confined to the thorax. This distinctive feature cuts them off from the Myriapoda and Crustacea. The Arachnida never possess wings, and instead of the three pairs of legs of insects, they have four pairs. These limbs are all jointed, but they are built upon a somewhat different type to those of insects, as we shall find when we come to describe them more minutely. We will now take a common spider as the example of the class, so that we may go into detail without misleading the reader by the idea that the description will apply to other members of the class. The cephalo-thorax is a somewhat flattened segment. Ita integument is of a harder consistence than that of the abdomen. The upper plate is called the shield, and the lower the breastplate or sternum. Between the edges of these two, along the sides of the body, spring the legs. The shield is wider than the breastplate, and overlaps it, so that while the bases of the legs are well seen from below they are not seen from above. The shield is usually narrower in front, and wider and heart-shaped, or rounded, behind. It is raised into a conical protuberance at the fore part, and on this the eyes are set. Two lines of depres sion run on each side of the cone, and from these other lines run off to the spaces between the legs, while a marked dent is often seen at the middle of the hind part. The breastplate is often rounded, or heart-shaped, with the apex backward, or in the form of an escutcheon. The box of the cephalo-thorax contains the stomach, main nervous masses, and the muscles of the limbs. The eyes in the common spider are eight in number, in two transverse lines of four each. They are, however, in the various species very differently situated, and of different relative size. Their relative position, number (two, six, or eight), and size aze much depended on to distinguish the genera. Sometimes they are mounted on a pyramid, or elevated watch-tower, which rises from the shield in a very grotesque manner. The mandibles spring from under the truncated front of the shield, and are directed downwards. They are of two joints, the thick descend ing basal joint having attached to the outer part of its end a hooked claw, which works on a joint, so that the point of it can play from the side towards its fellow on the other side. When the claw is completely flexed, it lies in a groove which runa along the far edge of the rear joint. This groove has its two walls generally armed with points or teeth. The maxilla, or under-jaws, consist of two plates, the inner edges of which are in motion approximated or removed from one another. Their edges and upper surfaces are often studded with small spina From the base and outside of these plates arise the long-jointed palps, which in the female end in claws like the legs. In the male a very complex organ is found, which can be doubled up into a rounded fist, by which the adult male can be readily dis tinguished from the female. The lower lip, or labrum, is of various shapes, but usually quadrate. The legs are sevenjointed. The first joint is called the coxa, or haunch; the second, the trochanter; the third, the femur. These last two form the thigh, and to this point the legs are like those of insects. The tibia, or shank, which is whole in the insect, is in spiders of two pieces; while the foot, instead of being in five small bead-like joints, is of two pieces only, and they are of the same thickness as the joints which precede them. The last joint has two, three, or more movable curved claws which sze often toothed like a comb. On the under-side of both joints there are sometimes found pads, hairs, or spines, which can be opposed to the claws, and so form an effective hand for weaving. The abdomen is a globular or oval bag. It often overhangs the thorax in front. Its walls are very flexible and elastic, as is necessary, in that at certain seasons it is distended with eggs. It contains the major part of the fat and liver masses, the organs of generation, and the web-secreting glands. It is attached to the front segment by a very narrow stalk. Through this thin stalk, however, prolongations of almost all the organs of the body are carried. Thus the alimentary canal and the small hinder continuation of the nervous cord pass from the cephalothorax to the abdomen, and the blood-system is continued for They have no antennæ for the purposes of touch. These, however, are probably represented by the great poison-jaws. These jaws are so utterly different in form and function from the feelers of insects that it is only by a careful examination, combined with a good deal of speculative reasoning, that they have been identified with them. Thus the absence of antennæ (in the proper sense) is a good distinctive character. Other jaws, situated further back, are possessed by the Arachnida, the most distinctive feature of these being the usually enormous development of the palps which correspond to the flagra or flabella of the crustacean limbs. These palps are so elongated and jointed in the spiders that they would be taken for legs by an ordinary observer, and hence spiders appear to have ten instead of eight legs. In scorpions these maxillary palps are larger than any of the other limbs, and will be described hereafter. The eyes of the Arachnida are, when they are present, always simple and few in number-eight, six, four, and two being the common numbers found. They never have a multi-ward from the latter to the former. If the spider be placed on tude of hexagonal or quadrate ocelli grouped into one organ as insects have. The method of breathing is very various in the class, the lowest having their juices oxygenated through the skin, others having tracheæ like insects, while the highest have what are called lungs, or, more properly, pulmonibranchiæ, to be described hereafter. The sexes are usually distinct, the females exceeding the males in size. With the exception of the Pantopoda (or Pycnogonidae), a doubtful order, allied to the Crustacea, none of the Arachnida are marine in their habitat. Some of the lower orders inhabit fresh water, as, for instance, the little scalet water-spider. The major part live in and breathe air. its back, two plates, with a slit on the inner side of each of them, will be seen. These plates cover the breathing cavities, or pulmonibranchiæ, as they and their contents are called. Between them is the opening of the generative organs. The anns is at the extreme end of the abdomen, and immediately below it are the palp-like jointed protuberances through which the sük of the web is forced or drawn. These are in three or four pairs. and they are perforated at the ends with many small pores, to the number estimated at 1,000. We trust the reader has now a pretty clear idea of the outer form of the spider; and he cannot do better than verify the description by catching a spider, killing it in hot water, and then examining it with a Coddington lens. We proceed to describe the internal organs in detail. The mouth, situated between the jaws, leads to a throat which runs a short way backward, then bends sharply upward, and then again backward, in a horizontal position. From the outside of this last-named flexible horizontal portion, which opens into a globular stomach behind, muscles run to the inner wall of the shield, and thus provide the means of sucking up juices. The lower oval and depressed portion of the stomach sends from each of its sides five tubes, which bend upwards, and then enter an annular second stomach, which is situated above the other. A solid mass lies between the stomachs, and to this a muscle is attached, which passes through the central hole of the upper ring-like portion, to be attached to the dorsal shield above. This muscle not only suspends the stomach, but, by contracting and relaxing, causes the lower sac to work like a bellows, and so stirs its contents, driving them through the side tubes into the upper stomach, and this favours the functions of digestion and absorption. Almost the whole nutritive process is carried on in the stomach, for only a narrow prolongation of it is carried into the abdomen; and although this receives ducts from the liver-fat masses, yet it runs as a short straight narrow tube to the vent. Just before the exit, the intestine dilates into a roundish cavity, which is called the cloaca, and receives two ducts, one on each side, which are thought to be excreting organs to remove the azotised products of the breaking down of the tissues of the body. The ducts, three or four in number on each side, which enter the abdominal portion of the alimentary canal, proceed from the large masses of fatty substance which is collected into a mass of vesicles on either side of the bag-like hind segment, These masses may, therefore, represent the liver, but they no doubt also act as a store of nutriment laid up in the body. This arrangement would seem to be necessary on account of the precarious nature of the supply of food. These creatures, having to lie in wait for their prey, must be able to play a waiting game; and they manifest, by their fierceness when a stray victim falls into their toils, that they appreciate an opportunity which may be long before it is repeated. A heart shaped like that of insects lies immediately under the skin of the back of the abdomen. It is divided into four chambers, placed in a longitudinal series, and propels the blood forwards. It is contained in a loose membraneous investment, which is called the pericardium. This is a reservoir of the blood received from the system, and it passes from this outer court of the heart into its four compartments, through small valvular holes, one to each compartment. The large vessel given off in front passes into the cephalo-thorax, and there divides into three pairs of vessels. The top pair goes to the eyes and mouth organs, the middle pair to the stomach, and the lowest pair to the legs. The blood from these is collected again, and flows through a long central vessel running along the floor of the body right to the spinnerets, giving off vessels to the skin viscera, and also sending part of its supply of blood to the pulmonary Bacs. After being distributed through the pulmonibranchia, the blood is collected into a number of vessels which run from these along the sides of the body, mounting upwards, and discharging themselves into the pericardium. The lung-bags contain a number of fine leaves which lie close together like the leaves of a book, and in these the blood is aërated. The nervous system in the spider is so concentrated as almost to lose its homogangliate character. A small double ganglion rests on the top of the throat, and sends cords to the eyes and jaws. This is connected by two cords, one on each side of the throat, to a large nervous star-shaped mass, which lies on the floor of the cephalo-thorax, and sends nerves to the legs, while from its hind part a thicker cord passes into the abdomen, and there splits into a number of small nerves which go to all parts of the viscera. The great star-shaped mass represents the whole chain of double ganglions, shortened, and compressed into one. It will be seen that this arrangement is very much like that of the nervous system of the short-tailed Crustacea, or crabs. The glands of special secretion are of two kinds. The poisonglands lie in the cephalo-thorax, one on each side of the throat, and in the upper part of the mandibles. A duct from each gland passes to the point of the fang, and it conveys a liquid which acts as a rapid poison to insects. The silk-secreting organs found in the abdomen consist of a great number of tubes, on which rounded clusters of follicles are found. These have also dilations in their course. All the tubes end in the spinneret, and the substance they secrete is a sticky liquid which is squeezed through the open pores at the ends of the external organs. It would seem that not only all the threads of each spinneret run together, but that all the strands so formed from all the spinnerets are united into one cord. As the thread is evolved, the spider usually grasps it with its two hind feet, which may be either to consolidate it or to draw it out. The sticky secretion of the web dries on exposure to the air. Perhaps, however, in the singular web of the Ciniflo the separate strands are not blended, for the web has this peculiarity-the lines are composed of one stout thread, encompassed by thinner lax lines, which twist in all directions. All the spiders appear to be silk-spinners, but they do not all apply their arts to the fabrication of snares. Fully one-half of them confine their weaving to the construction of cocoons for their eggs, or for lining or making tubes and tunnels into which they can retreat. The little Salticus, which, dressed in a harlequin suit, courses over the upright walls that the hot summer sun shines upon, springs on its prey, first securing itself by a thread lest it should fall. Those spiders which spin snares, do so according to very different methods. The Agelenido spin loose, irregular webs over foliage, etc., that communicate with tubes in which the spider lies concealed. The Linyphiida spin horizontal webs, and stand clinging to their under-sides, back downwards. The chief of all spinners are the Epeirida. These spin vertical webs whose lines are all in one plane. The outer framework of these webs is necessarily irregular, because this is determined by the support on which it rests, but all within this is beautifully symmetrical. Lines radiating from a common centre pass to the cords of the frame, and on these is sustained a close-set spiral line, which runs continuously from centre to circumference, being attached to each radius as it passes them. These lines are very elastic, and will bear a good deal of strain. It is a peculiarity of these lines that they have on them, at regular intervals, beads of viscid matter, which does not dry in the air like the silk. A clew runs from the web to the neighbouring retreat where the spider hides; and this would seem to answer the double purpose of informing the spider when the snare is shaken by an entangled insect, and of affording it a way whereby at once to rush upon its victim. When the insect is powerful the spider will wait till both ends of the body are attached to the web, and then, striding over it, it will hold the cords of attachment tense with its wide hindlegs, touch the insect with its spinnerets, fix a thread to it, and then set it rapidly revolving with its fore-legs, until the insect is completely enswathed in silk, like a mummy. The watch-box of the spider is usually under some leaf, but often it constructs a dome of silk to protect it from the rain, etc. A most remarkable instance of an animal formed for air-breathing, all of whose relatives live in air, having invaded the water, is found in the Argyroneta aquatica, which makes a dome under water, and then carries down air, which it places under its diving-bell. The scorpion is the type of another group of Arachnida. This creature is much more elongated than the spider, and its segmentation is very much more distinct, the segmentation of the abdomen furnishing its distinguishing characteristic. The thoracic shield, which is supposed to represent the dorsal half, is of eight rings. About the centre of this are seen two eyes, one on each side, and close to the mid-line, while at the front outer angles groups of simple eyes are found. All the jaws and limbs are supposed to belong to these coalesced segments. The next eight segments of the back are as wide as the cephalo-thorax, while the succeeding six are very narrow, and capable of moving on one another by definite joints in an up-and-down direction. The last segment has a hooked spine with its point directed downwards. This is the instrument of attack, and it contains a gland from which poison is ejected in the wound it makes. Thus the sting, instead of being in the antennal jaw at the head end, as in the spider, is placed in the very hind-joint of the scorpion. The bases of the legs almost obliterate the under-segments or sterna of the fore-part of the body, but the succeeding ones are well represented, and through four of them the slits which lead into the eight pulmonibranchiæ are cut. Between the black horny back and front pieces of these segments is a white flexible membrane. In the six tail-pieces the top and bottom parts are united immovably together. The nature of the limbs is best seen in the illustration. The small forceps in front would seem to correspond with the mandibles of spiders, and the large and long pincers to the maxillary palps, while the four pairs of succeeding legs represent the legs of spiders and the hind walkinglegs of decapod crustaceans. Thus it would appear that the hind foot-jaws and first pair of walking-legs of crustaceans are absent. The stomach in the scorpion is much simpler than in the spider, and there is scarcely any distinction of parts. The heart has eight segments, and the hind one, not being situated further back than the broad part of the body, sends the blood backward by a vessel to the tail. Besides the ventral vessel, a sub-ganglionic or portal vessel exists, which drives the blood to the lungs. Perhaps the course of the blood can be gathered from the rough diagram below. It would take too long to de scribe it here. The nervous system consists of seven double ganglia besides the brain. The mites have a smooth bag-like body, with a small head united with it. They breathe through trachea, whose entranceorifices are situated on the under-side of the body. Some, however, have two exit-holes for the tracheal system, one on each side of the mouth, through which they expel the air derived through the other openings. The nervous system in these is said to consist of only one ganglion. These creatures often live on the bodies of other animals. The shard beetle has almost always a multitude of them clinging to its body in the grooves between the segments of its body underneath. The organs of the mouth in these are usually converted into sucking snouts, with points directed outwards, so as to secure the hold of the creature. Two other orders of very low grade would seem to indicate that the spiders are related to the articulate type directly through the worms. In one of these the body is completely like a worm. These are internal parasites. The other order is represented by a creature which inhabits the skin-follicles of the human face, generally fixing on the nose as its habitat. This starts in life with a worm-like form, and gradually shortens into a mite-like animal. The orders are defined as follows: 1. Pantopoda.-Arachnida, with the cephalo-thorax segmented into four pieces; a rudimentary abdomen, and long manyjointed legs; without true organs of respiration. 2. Linguatulina.-Wormlike Arachnida, having the habits of intestinal worms; with sexes distinct, and no apparent organs of respiration. 3. Tardigrada.-Hermaphrodite Arachnida, with stumpy legs, and without organs of respiration. 4. Acarina.-Arachnida, with biting or sucking mouths; an unjointed abdomen united to the cephalo-thorax; second feelerjaws foot-shaped, with a tracheal system. 5. Araneina.-Arachnida, with biting jaws, stalked unsegmented abdomen; second pair of feeler-jaws shaped like feet, and with combined lungs and trachea. 6. Arthrogastra.-Arachnida, with a distinctly jointed abdomen, breathing by pulmonibranchia. LESSONS IN LATIN.-XXXI. IN our last lesson the learner was furnished with a model of a deponent verb of the second conjugation and a list of verbs to be written out according to the example given. This should be done frequently, in the case of all the parts of speech in Latin that suffer declension, if the student desire to become thoroughly familiar with their formation. He should also write out from memory our remarks on the construction of hortor, vereor, etc., correcting his work by comparison with the original. VOCABULARY. Cito, quickly. Confiteor, 2, confessus sum, I admit, confess (E. R. confession). Cunctus, -a, -um, all unitedly, in opposition to omnis, which is, all severally. Denuo (de novo), anew, Inanis, -e, empty (E. R. | Nego, 1, I deny. inanity). Informo, 1, I instruct. Inopia, -æ, f., want. Intueor, 2, I look on, contemplate (E. R. intuition). Liberaliter, freely. Malitia, -æ, f., badness, baseness, malice. Medeor, 2 (no perfect), I heal, with the dative; that is, the object of this verb must be in the dative case. Mereor, I deserve, etc., is followed by de, as de aliquâ re. Nondum, not as yet. Penitus, thoroughly. Præsidium, -i, n., protection, support, assistance. Profiteor, 2, professus sum, I profess, promise (E. B. pro fession). Reor,2(reri,ratus sum), I am of opinion, think. Trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum, 3, I hand down, I give up (E.R. tradition). Venia, -, f., pardon, leave, permission. again, lately. Detrǎho, 3, I take away. Exemplar, -äris, n., a pattern, model. Impetro, 1, I obtain. Imploro, 1, I entreat (E.R. implore; ploro, I weep). Observe that the conjunction quum requires its verb to be in the subjunctive mood, when it denotes a cause or reason, and is rendered by since or although; quum is then said to have a causal force. EXERCISE 110.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. Vix peccatum tuum fassus eras, quum pater tui misertus est. 2. Jam te errasse confessus eras, quum denuo negasti. 3. Nondum vestrum auxilium imploraveramus, quum jam id nobis professi estis. 4. Vix inopiam nostram fassi eramus, quum liberalissime vestrum præsidium nobis polliciti estis. 5. Magna vis est philosophiæ quum medetur animis, et inanes sollicitudines detrahit. 6. Artes magnum nobis præbent præsidium, quum seipse per se tuentur singulæ. 7. Præclare de patriâ merentur præceptores, quum juventutem bonarum literarum studiis informant. 8. Quum philosophia animis medetur ei 9. Omnes miserebantur vestri, totos nos penitusque tradere debemus. quum non propter malitiam sed propter fortunam in miseriis essetis. fligere. 11. Avarus, quum sit divitissimus, non fatebitur se satis habere. 10. Quum milites pericula vererentur, non audebant cum hostibus con. 12. Miserere nostri, medemini, O cives, inopis nostræ. 13. Suum quisque tuetor filium. 14. Nemo, cunctam intuens terram, de divini providentiâ dubitabit. 15. Cives, hostes urbem oppugnaturos rati, eos acriter propulsare studuerunt. 16. Venio meum præsidium tibi pollici. turus. 17. Adolescentis officium est majores natu vereri. 18. Omnibus modis vos inopiæ civium mederi debetis. 19. Quis nescit te præclare de republicâ meritum esse? 20. Spero te mei miserturum esse. EXERCISE 111.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. They confessed their sins. 2. They will confess their sins. 3. Will they have confessed their sins? 4. He will not confess his sins. 5. My sister has confessed her sins. 6. The young men deny that they will confess their sins (acc. case and infinit. fut.; drop the that; "deny that they will," is equal to say they will not, that is, refuse). 7. Religion heals men's minds. 8. True religion only can heal men's minds. 9. Religion has always healed the minds of the pious. 10. Pity me, O my father. 11. O God, pity us. 12. O God, pity all men. 13. Let every husband guard his wife. 14. The young men, thinking the soldiers about to attack their homes, slew themselves in fear (being afraid). 15. The arts severally protect artists (artificers). 16. Do the arts protect each other? 17. The arts have protected, do protect (present tense), and will protect artists. 18. Look at the heaven, and thou wilt fear God. 19. Contemplating virtue, men become wise. 20. He has served the republic well (deserved well of the republic, de soldiers served their country well. republicâ). 21. The queen will serve the republic well. 22. The 23. I am not able to serve my home well. 24. He contemplates a model of virtue. 25. He confesses his sins, and obtains pardon. 26. They have confessed their sins, and obtained pardon. 27. Since you have confessed your sins, you will obtain pardon. Vereor denotes the reverence which arises from a sense of one's own infirmity, as compared with the high attributes of the object who calls forth the sentiment. the root of reverence. Vereor, accordingly, is Vereri denotes the feeling of children towards a parent. But when the sentiment of self-abasement rises into a fear of some evil from a superior power, or an oppressive consciousness of superior power over you, then the sentiment is expressed by metuo. Accusative of object :-" Metuebant eum servi, verebantur liberi."— Cicero. Literal Translation:-"Feared him slaves, reverenced children." Idiomatic Translation:-"His slaves feared, his children reverenced him." With ne : "Vereor ne quasi præcipientis esse videatur oratio mea." "-Cicero. Lit. Trans.:-"I fear lest as if of one enjoining to be may appear speech my." Id. Trans.:-"I fear lest my speech may appear like the speech of a master." With ne non : "Veritus ne hostium impetum sustinere non posset."-Cæsar. Similar diversities would be found between any two other lan- KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN. 1. Sabinus having encouraged his (troops), gives the signal. 2. Lit. Trans. :-"Fearing lest of the enemies the attack to endure not peace. could." Id. Trans. :-"Fearing he should not be able to endure the attack of the enemy." EXERCISE 109.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. Magister ad diligentiam discipulos hortari non desinit. 2. Magister discipulos ad diligentiam hortabatur. 3. Magister discipulos ad diligentiam hortatus, omnibus oscula dedit. 4. Sapientia tua me hortatur ut imperio tuo paream. 5. Hortabitur eos in amicitiam jungen dam. 6. Pater tuus te iisdem de rebus hortatur, quibus ego fratrem. meum hortabor. 7. Hortor te ne animo deficias. 8. Sororem tuam hortati sunt, ne animo deficiat. 9. Pudendam fugam hortabor nunquam. 10. Bellum hortari non desinit. LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. - XXXI. CHIEF POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF ASIA. THE following table exhibits the principal political divisions of THE CHIEF DIVISIONS OF ASIA-THEIR CAPITALS, AREA, States. Capitals. 3. INCLUDING 1. Quid veteranos non veremur ? nam timeri se ne ipsi quidem volunt. 2. Veremur vos, Romani, et si ita vultis, etiam timemus. Ne illa vereatur introire in alienam domum. 4. Vereor magis me amoris causâ hoc ornatu incedere. 5. De Carthagine non ante vereri desinam, quam illam excisam esse cognovero. 6. Vereor ut Dolla- RUSSIA IN ASIA, bella satis nobis prodesse possit. 7. Accepi tuas literas, quibus intellexi te vereri ne superiores mihi redditæ non essent. 8. Ne ejus supplicio Divitiaci animum offenderet, verebatur. 9. Vereor, si res explicare incipiam, non vitam ejus enarrare, sed historiam videar scribere. 10. Non vereor ne scribendo te expleam. 11. Non vereor nequid timide, nequid stulte facias. 12. Non vereor ne meæ vitæ modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores. EXERCISE 113.-ENGLISH-LATIN. SIBERIA, CAU- No. of Inhabi tants to every Square Mile. 2 AFGHANISTAN. Peiho 1,200,000 1. They venerate their parents, and fear the king. 2. Tyrants are feared. 3. They will fear tyrants. 4. I shall fear my parents. 5. I BRITISH INDIA, do not fear that I shall fill (satisfy) you with words. 6. You fear to enter the enemy's camp. 7. I fear that I read without profit; they fear for (de) their country, lest it be destroyed. 8. I fear my mother JAPANESE EMPIRE Yedo. Sea Coast will come. 9. Why do you fear that your mother will come? 10. Because I am acting (I act) against her commands. 11. They fear that their uncle is dead. 12. I fear that the wrath of God will fall on this city. 13. Thy life will prevail against calumny. 14. Do not fear that thy life will not prevail against the calumny of bad men. 15. Thou fearest that I am unable to do thee good. 16. Fear not that I shall do any foolish thing (Latin, anything foolishly). 17. My brother does not fear that I shall do any foolish thing. It is very difficult to give in English an exact counterpart of some Latin forms. You will constantly have to make some little allowance for difference of idiom, though the sound scholar only can judge in particular instances whether a latitude is allowable or not. In the preceding English-Latin Exercise I have written, "I do not fear that I shall satisfy you with words." Here, and in other parts of the exercise, the future "shall" and "will" are used in the English when the subjunctive present is required in the Latin. The subjunctive present could not be used in the English with a proper regard to idiom; nor could the future indicative be employed in the Latin. You have here one of those diversities of idiom with which you must become well acquainted, if you wish to be master of the Latin language. 1,486,300 253,000,000 170 147,650 36,000,000 243 From the above table it appears that Russia in Asia is the most thinly populated country in Asia, while Japan and British India are the most densely populated. The student, however, must remember that in point of fact China Proper, the most important section of the Chinese Empire, is the most densely populated part of Asia, containing a population estimated approximately at 385,000,000 to an area of about 1,700,000 square miles, which gives 226 as the average number of persons to each square mile. The average for the entire Chinese Empire is lowered by taking into consideration Chinese Tartary, or Thibet, and Mongolia and Mantchooria, which have but a scanty population in comparison with their area. Siberia is divided into two parts, Eastern Siberia and Western Siberia. Each part is sub-divided into governments or provinces as follows |