Gewinn waren sie nicht zufrieden. 3. Das Unglück dieser Familie war so groß, daß sie sogar fremte Leute um Unterstüßung baten. 4. Ich werde selbst mit einer Begleitung nicht abreisen. 5. Der Mond giebt uns nicht so viel Licht, als die Sonne, selbst wenn er am hellsten scheint. 6. Was Ihr Freund auch sein mag, Sie werden es nicht erhalten. 7. Wer dieses junge Fräulein auch sein mag, sie ist sehr unhöflich. 8. So listig sie auch sein mögen, irren sie sich doch zuweilen. 9. So groß auch meine Armuth sein mag, werte ich doch nicht muthlos werden. 10. Was die Neuigkeit auch fein mag, theile sie mir mit. 11. Was ihm auch für Vortheile dargeboten werden, er will sie nicht annehmen. 12. Was er auch für Fehler begangen haben mag, ich werte ihm verzeihen. 13. Selbst in der Hiße der Schlacht, und unter dem Donner der Kanonen, ritt der Feltherr ruhig hin und her. 14. So groß auch mein Unglück sein mag, Niemand soll es erfahren. Selbst der König muß dem Geseze gehorchen. 16. Selbst mein Gegner pries meine Tapferkeit.

EXERCISE 120 (Vol. II., page 283).

15.

1. He who is careful in his youth, need not have cares in his old age. 2. Study thyself, not only in the society of strangers, but also when thou art alone, that thou mayest know thyself. 3. He who does not always study himself, never acquires self-knowledge. 4. The ancient Germans used generally to sacrifice to their gods in old groves of oak. 5. Good children take care of their parents in their old age. 6. My friends are accustomed to drink water in the morning. 7. He takes rest morning and evening. 8. We are accustomed to drink coffee instead of tea. 9. To take care of his health is his greatest concern. 10. He is accustomed to work in the morning, and read in the afternoon. 11. He who fosters idleness, fosters sin also. 12. Cherish virtue and not wickedness. 13. He is not accustomed to rise before eight o'clock. 14. It is not the custom to say in America as in Germany, "I wish you a good appetite." 15. Man often troubles himself about his subsistence more than is necessary. 16. The ant takes care of its food in the summer against the winter. 17. The German emperor, Maximilian I., took care to restore the internal tranquillity of Germany directly on his accession to the government.

EXERCISE 121 (Vol. II., page 283).

1. Nehmt Euch vor denen in Acht, welche glatte Worte, böse Gedanken und ein falsches Herz haben. 2. Er sorgt mehr für seinen Geist als für feinen Körper. 3. Wir pflegen, anstatt des Kaffees, Thee zu trinken. 4. Die Griechen pflegten schon lange vor Christi Geburt der Kunst und Wissen schaft. 5. Er pflegt um sechs Uhr aufzustehen. 6. Ich werte dieses Buch in Acht nehmen, bis Sie wiederkommen. 7. Er pflegt seiner Gesundheit. 8. Habe Acht auf dich, nicht nur in Gesellschaft, sondern auch wenn du allein bist. 9. Gute Kinder geben Acht auf das, was ihre Eltern ihnen fagen. 10. Wir müssen uns vor unsern Feinten in Acht nehmen. 11. Der Hamster sorgt im Sommer für seine Nahrung auf den Winter.

EXERCISE 122 (Vol. II., page 315).

1. Those who go walking too often, at last accustom themselves to idleness. 2. To take a walk half an hour after dinner is very conducive to health. 3. In Italy many drive out with mules.

4. One gene

rally sees more gentlemen walking, than riding on horseback. 5. The visitors (literally, guests under cure) at Wiesbaden often ride on mules upon the top of the Taunus mountains. 6. Journeys on foot are often more agreeable than in a coach or on horseback. 7. The Laplanders ride in sledges, and make use of reindeer instead of horses. 8. He scarcely took his eyes off his relations, whom he had not seen for so long a time, and rejoiced at their communications. 9. Most of the officers have interceded with the general for this young soldier. 10. I applied to my friends in my troubles; but wherever I turned, I saw only indifferent looks. 11. He stole my watch and some other articles without my observing it. 12. He who prides himself on his knowledge, thereby proves that he knows less than he boasts and wishes to make others believe. 13. I hope you will not suppose I offended you purposely ? 14. God forbid! I never did or would believe anything so bad of you. 15. I hope you will not remain at home during this beau tiful weather. 16. Oh, no! I have no inclination to spend such a beautiful day within the four walls of my room. 17. There are several who have applied for this office, viz., the following. 18. I cannot help telling you that this treatment does not please me. thanking you very heartily. 20. When I wished to shoot at the wolf my gun missed fire.

19. I cannot help

EXERCISE 123 (Vol. II., page 315).

1. Er konnte nicht umhin, seinen Tadel auszusprechen. 2. Bewahre uns, o Herr, vor Sünde. 3. Ich konnte nicht umhin, das Unrecht, welches ich erlitten hatte. zu vergeben. 4. Indem er dieses sagte, sank er ohnmächtig nieder. 5. Wie werden langsam nach dem Parke reiten. 6. Die Königin ritt gestern spazieren. 7. Dieser Kaufmann thut groß mit seinen Reich. shümern. 8. Der Araber reitet mit unglaublicher Schnelle. 9. Wenn die alten Ritter in den Krieg ritten, so waren ihre Pferde gepanzert. 10.

Könige und Fürsten pflegen mit sechs Pferden spazieren zu fahren. 11. Als er hätte entfliehen können, versagten ihm seine Kräfte. 12. Das Holz wird zum Bauen verwendet. 13. Er hat den größten Theil seiner Jugend auf wissenschaftliche Studien verwendet. 14. Reisen durch das Rheinthal find angenehmer zu Fuß als zu Pferde. 15. Johann führt seine Schwester durch den Park spazieren, während ihr Vater spazieren reitet.

her hands.

any time.

EXERCISE 124 (Vol. II., page 315).

1. The physician has advised me to go out as little as possible. 2. Emily works as little as possible, in order to preserve the delicacy of 3. Children should be unemployed as little as possible at Ferdinand is now very little at home. 6. On my last journey I had 4. He speaks so little, in order to excite no attention. 5. very little luggage with me. 7. Will you have some meat? 8. Yes, but only very little. 9. There remains nothing else for him but to

beg or to work. 10. There remains nothing else, you must act now. 11. Of all his property, there remained nothing else for him but a spot of land. 12. Of all the flowers, this rose only remained. 13. Of the 14. I cannot get rid of these sorwhole regiment, he only remained. rowful thoughts. 15. In order to get rid of our false friends, we must lend them money. 16. Grant him his request, in order to get rid of 18. The plaster of the him. 17. Now the sport commenced afresh. wall breaks off. 19. When the war re-commenced, he took the field with a great army. 20. The gun went off as he was going to take it. EXERCISE 125 (Vol. II., page 315).

1. Der Arzt rieth meiner Schwester, so viel als möglich zu Hause zu bleiben. 2. Ein Lehrer sollte seine Schüler so wenig als möglich unbeschäftig. lassen. 3. Der Redner sprach mit großer Begeisterung, um die Aufmerksamfeit seiner Zuhörer zu steigern. 4. Die meisten Reisenden nehmen so wenig Gepäck als möglich mit sich. 5. Wollen Sie Aepfel haben? 6. Ich danke Ihnen, mein Herr, ich habe ganz genug. 7. August ist jezt sehr viel zu Hause, daher können wir zu ihm gehen. 8. Es bleibt ihm nichts übrig, als fich seinem Schicksale zu unterwerfen. 9. Es blieb mir nichts Anderes übrig, als vor dem Feinde zu fliehen. 10. Von all seiner Habe blieb nichts übrig als ein Garten. 11. Ich kann meinen Schnupfen nicht los werden. 12. Gewähre die Bitte dieses falschen Freundes, dann wirst du ihn los werden. 13. Wer hat den Fuß dieses Tisches abgebrochen? 14. Die Magd brach ihn ab, als sie das Zimmer reinigte. 15. Friedrich der Große zog an der Spiße seiner Armee in den Krieg. 16. Das gewehr ging los, sonst würde er den Hasen geschossen haben.

EXERCISE 126 (Vol. II., page 340).

1. The French conquered Spain by force of arms. 2. The avalanches

in Switzerland often fall into the valleys with tremendous force. 3. They forcibly drag away the inhabitants of this country. 4. He could do nothing with all his power. 5. The Greeks defended themselves against the Persians with all their might. 6. The weaker man must necessarily obey the stronger. 7. Almost all Asia obeyed the will of the Romans. 8. In order to prolong his life, he was necessarily obliged to work. 9. Themistocles was forced to seek an asylum at the Persian court. 10. My friend confidentially entrusted me with an important secret yesterday evening. 11. After school was over, the children played under the trees of the garden. 12. All present dressed according to the fashion of 1789. 13. On account of his official duties, he had little leisure left for pleasure. 14. Schiller could now devote himself at his leisure to literary pursuits at Mannheim, 15. I have inadvertently taken another umbrella. 16. Errors arise through misunderstandings and oversights. 17. Fortunately he could prove himself right by means of his passport. 18. Fortunately I had discovered the danger, yet at the right time. 19. Fortunately I met him in the street. 20. Fortunately no human life has been lost at this great conflagration. 21. In jest, a person may take many liberties. 22. He alluded to this scene in a jocular way. 23. I am particularly fond of the French language. 24. He was allowed to enter the prince's room without special permission.

EXERCISE 127 (Vol. II., page 340).

1. Die Einwohner Holstein's vertheitigten sich mit all ihrer Macht gegen die Dänen. 2. Wilhelm der Eroberer unterjochte England mit Gewalt der Waffen. 3. Diese tapfern Soldaten bahnten sich ihren Weg mit furcht barer Gewalt durch die Reihen der Feinde. 4. Man hinderte ihn gewaltsam an der Flucht. 5. Lieben Sie die deutsche Sprache ? 6. Ja, ich liebe sie, aber vorzugsweise liebe ich die italienische Sprache. 7. Jezt ist er besonders mit der deutschen und spanischen Sprache beschäftigt. 8. Glücklicher Weise fand ich meinen Freund zu Hause. 9. Er ist genöthigt, den Befehlen seiner Vorgeseßten zu gehorchen. 10. Die meisten Leute kleiden sich nach der franzö fischen More.. 11. Ich nahm unwissentlich den Hut eines Andern. 12. Glücklicher Weise entreckte mein Freund die Gefahr, welche ihm drohte. 13. Scherzweise sagte er mir manche Wahrheit. 14. Unter vier Augen können Sie manche Beleidigungen sagen. 15. Die Fürsten Deutschlands verfahren eigenmächtig in Regieren ihrer Länder.

LESSONS IN BOTANY.-XXXII.

SECTION LXXXV.-MALVACEE, OR MALLOW-WORTS. Characteristics: Calyx free; valvate in æstivation; petals hypogynous, ordinarily slightly joined together at the base; contorted in æstivation; stamens indefinite, monadelphous, with uni-locular anthers; seed dicotyledonous; embryo curved; leaves alternate, stipulate.

Stem herbaceous or ligneous, usually supplied with radiating hairs; flowers complete, regular, axillary, solitary, or fasciculate, or in a cyme; pollen in large grains, globular, hispid; carpels ordinarily numerous, sometimes five; verticillate around

(Althea cannabina), a native of various parts of Central Europe, which has purple flowers, and the stem of which yields a good substitute for hemp. Such are a few of the species of this natural order now familiar in gardens.

SECTION LXXXVI.-GERANIACEE, OR CRANESBILLS.

Characteristics: Calyx free; petals hypogynous or imperfectly perigynous, in number equal to the sepals or fewer; equal in Geranium, reduced to four or two in Pelargonium; contorted in æstivation, caducous; stamens ordinarily double in number to the petals; bi-serial; all fertile (Geranium)

the intertropical zone. The laniferous material which envelopes the seeds is the substance cotton. It has been known and used in Egypt from times of great antiquity, and is now distributed over the whole world. Several remains of Greek literature have been handed down to us written on cotton. Cotton seeds yield on expression a fixed oil useful for a variety of purposes.

Numerous foreign Malvaceae are now cultivated in Europe; for example, the Malope trifida, an annual of Northern Africa, the stem of which rises to the height of about two feet, and which bears flowers of a deep-rose colour; the Kitaibelia, a biennial Hungarian plant, having lobed leaves and white flowers; the hollyhock, or Althea rosea, a Chinese plant, the varieties of which are extremely numerous; the tree mallow, or Lavatera arborea, a native of France, &c., bearing large leaves and violet-coloured flowers; and the hemp-leaved althæa

or partly sterile (Erodium, Fig. 243; Pelargonium, Fig. 244), filaments partially monadelphous; carpels five, applied to the prolongation of the axis, and constituting a fivecelled bi-ovulate ovary; seed dicotyledonous, exalbuminous, curved; cotyledons bent or contorted; stem herbaceous or ligneous; leaves stipulate, opposite; the upper ones sometimes alternate; flowers com. plete, regular, or irregular (Pelargonium), occasionally solitary, arranged sometimes in twos; styles joined into a column, which is longer than the floral axis; ovules ascendant, at first curved, then demireflexed.

Species of this natural order are chiefly found in the extratropical regions, more especially at the Cape of Good Hope; they contain tannic and gallic acids, on which account they were formerly employed as astringents in medical practice. The Pelargoniums contain a volatile oil, which imparts to them a very powerful but at the same time agreeable odour. The Pelargonium roseum and Pelargonium capi tatum yield an essence possess ing the odour of roses, which is sometimes employed as a material wherewith otto of roses is adulterated.

SECT. LXXXVII. -BALSAMINACEE, OR BALSAMS. Characteristics: Sepals free, unequal, petaloid; petals five hypogynous, unequal; stamins five; carpels five, united to form a five-celled ovary; ovules superior, pendent, reflexed; capsule five-celled, five-valved, dehiscent; seed dicotyledonous, exalbuminous; embryo straight; stem herbaceous, succulent; flowers axillary. The Balsaminacea are for the most part natives of temperate and tropical Asia. The genus Impatiens, so called on account of the elasticity of its seed-capsules, which, on being touched, dart out the seeds to a considerable distance, has furnished numerous varieties to horticulture. The common balsam plant, Impatiens balsamina, is an annual, a native of India, now rendered double by culture, and furnishing innumerable varieties. The Impatiens repens is a Cingalese species, the representation of which is subjoined (Fig. 245). It has only been recently in troduced into European culture.

SECTION LXXXVIII.-TROPEOLACE, OR INDIAN CRESSES. Characteristics: Calyx five-partite, bi-labiate, petaloid; petals five, unequal, inserted at the base of the calyx; stamens eight,

the superior leaves alternate and without stipules; flowers axillary.

The Tropaeolaceae inhabit the entire of Central America. The genus Tropaeolum (Fig. 239) is cultivated in Europe. The Tropaeolum speciosum, a native of Patagonia, bears a handsome scarlet flower. The Indian cress, with its broad, buckler-like leaves and flowers of all shades, from the faintest primrose to a rich crimson brown, is often erroneously called nasturtium. The real nasturtiums are hardy aquatic plants, bearing

almost perigynous disc, three or five equal; aestivation convolute; stamens six or ten; carpels three or five, coherent, uniovulate; ovules erect, reflexed; fruit composed of two or three achania; seed dicotyledonous, exalbuminous; embryo straight.

The members of this natural order are indigenous to North America, generally annuals, growing in marshy places; their leaves soft and glistening, alternate, their flowers regular. The Limnanthes rosea (Fig. 246) is a native of California.

This

small natural order is placed by Lindley with the Tropaeolacea, with which it agrees in many particulars. It differs from it, however, in having regular flowers, perigynous stamens, and erect ovules.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-XXXIII. LATIN STEMS (continued).

Our

IF words degenerate, they also improve. As a nation refines, its thoughts refine. What, therefore, was originally material becomes intellectual. The intellectual, too, may pass into the moral, and the moral may be elevated into the spiritual. most purely spiritual terms were all physical in their origin. What a wide difference there is between birth and the new birth; between generation and regeneration. Spirit in its original Latin is merely breath or breathing. Heaven, the state of spiritual blessedness, if viewed derivatively, is merely the heaved-up place, as hell is the covered place; hellyer is still used in some parts of England for a coverer-that is, a tiler or slater, a house-coverer. And what is virtue? Originally, but the quality of vir—that is, a man! And what was that quality? Valour; he was emphatically the man who was most brave.

Happy, too, is a word which has undergone a favourable transformation. You see its primitive meaning in happen and mishap. Hap, originally, was applied to a good or a bad event, signifying occurrence merely. But in this world of goodness, the general tenor of events is such as to promote men's good; hence to receive its haps is to be happy, and to be exceptional in regard to its haps is to be unhappy :

Gascoigne.

"Such happes which happen in such hapless warres, Make me to tearm them broyles and beastly larres." There are words represented as of recent origin which may claim some age. The word Rationalist owes not its birth to the influence of recent German philosophy, but was used under the Commonwealth to designate a sect then new which idolised Nor is the term Christology of German origin, but seems to have been invented by Dr. Thomas Jackson in the seventeenth century. The verb to progress is often disallowed as an Americanism, but it is found in Shakespeare :

reason.

"Let me wipe off this honourable dew That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks."

66 'King John," Act. v. Sc. 2.

pel puls

LATIN STEMS.

Melior

better'

expel, impel.

repulsion, expulsion.

depend, pendulum, stipend

pensive, compensate.

peninsula.

centripetal, competition.

central, centrifugal,

Mens (mentis)

The word nonentity recalls the days of the schoolmen, or monkish philosophers of the Middle Ages, who subtilly, profoundly, and perseveringly speculated on metaphysical topics, striving to invest the dogmas of the Church with a philosophical dress and certitude. Entity or being, and nonentity or no-being, were among the counters with which they played their clever intellectual game; which, like most other games, secured I little else than amusement.

"Fortune is no real entity, nor physical essence, but a mere relative signification."-Bentley.

"With real munition he did fortify

His heart."-Daniel.

"They must have the assistance of some able military man, and convenient arms and ammunition for their defence."-Bacon.

The word adoration, etymologically considered, signifies a kissing of the mouth to a visible object of worship-in token of reverence and as expressive of worship.

The term peculation means the making of that your own which is not your own. Peculation, as derived from peculium, private property, wears a socialist aspect, and seems to say, “la propriété c'est le vol:" that is, "private property is plunder,” a truly monstrous and anti-social doctrine.

"A real circular motion is always accompanied with a centrifugal force, arising from the tendency which a body always has to proceed in a right line."-Maclaurin, "Account of Newton's Philosophical Discoveries."

a fish

pisc

piscatory.

pleasing

placid

placid, placialy.

I appease

plac

of the deponent while we say he deposes, not depones; though of old depones was used in England:

"And further Sprot deponeth," etc.-"State Trials."

The retina, or eye-net, the immediate seat or rather instrument of vision, is the net-like expansion of the optic nerve, on which objects are drawn, and from which they are made visible by the mind.

+

Reticulated denotes that which is made like net-work. Hence the meaning of reticule or little bag made of net-work, some time since much in use among ladies.

To ruminate is to pass and repass the food through the rumen or gullet in order to its repeated chewing. Hence the phrase to chew the cud. Metaphorically, to ruminate is to muse, to reflect calmly :

“As when a traveller, a long day past,

In painful search of what he cannot find,

At night's approach, content with the next cot,
There ruminates awhile his labour lost."

In prose we say to ruminate on, that is, to meditate upon :"He practises a slow meditation, and ruminates on the subject."Watts, "On the Mind."

Bankrupt, a term of French extraction, properly denotes a trader or money-dealer whose bank or bench is broken, the last condition of commercial destitution:

"A bankrupt is dofined a trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors."-Blackstone.

The terms rustic and rural differ in their application, the first being said of persons, the second of things, Rustics are often insensible to the loveliness of rural scenes.

To consist of, to consist in, and to consist with, have each a different meaning. To consist of has reference to the materials of which an object is made up; to consist in has reference to the substance or essence of a thought; to consist with has reference to the character or dignity of an agent or actor. It consists with the character of a wise man to expound doctrines in which the welfare of his fellow-men consists: that exposition he makes by words which consist of sounds, or by books which consist of letters. The wealth of a nation consists not so much in the number as the heart, the intelligence, and the sinews of its inhabitants.

METALS PROPER continued.
CHROMIUM.

SYMBOL, Cr-COMBINING WEIGHT, 52·5,

THE chief ore of this metal is chrome iron-stone, whose composition (FeO,Cr,O,) is similar to that of magnetic iron ore, but where the sesquioxide of iron is replaced by the correspond[ing oxide of chromium. The metal may be reduced from its