Keith worked hard to incite a revolt against proprietary rule, and succeeded in getting himself elected to the Assembly. But, becoming a candidate for the office of Speaker of the Assembly, he ran afoul of the similar ambition of David Lloyd, which broke up his only prospect of success as a democratic leader. He received just three votes for Speaker. When his father died, in 1720. and he succeeded to the baronetcy; that was the only thing he inherited, for his father died insolvent. Sir William, while Governor, had lived in great luxury, and after losing his office was deeply in debt. His defeat by Lloyd for the speakership put the quietus on further colonial ambitions and made his creditors clamorous. He fled the country and went to England, there living a reckless and dissolute life as long as he could raise any money. He wrote some pamphlets on colonial affairs and embarked upon a series of histories of the American colonies, of which he finished only the first part, relating to Virginia. He is said to have been the first to suggest to the British Crown the taxation of the colonies as a means of raising revenue. He

became very poor and finally died, in 1749, as a prisoner for debt in the Old Bailey prison. When he went away from Philadelphia he left his wife behind, and Lady Keith died in that city, in much poverty, in 1740.

Major Patrick Gordon, who succeeded Sir William Keith as governor, was a soldier of good record, brave, bluff, and intensely loyal to the House of Hanover. His first act was to reinstate James Logan as secretary of the Provincial Council, but he made no sweeping changes in the official personnel. He announced to the Assembly his desire to carry on a conciliatory and conservative policy. He said that having been "bred to the camp, remote from the refined politics which often serve to perplex mankind," he knew nothing of the devious ways of politicians. In his administration, therefore, he intended to pursue a straightforward course. His term was, in fact, a singularly quiet one, during which peace and prosperity reigned in the province.

On May 28, 1728, a council was held in Philadelphia for the purpose of renewing some of the Indian treaties, at which the representatives of various Indian tribes were present. Governor Gordon made an address of amity and good will, and the spokesman of the Indians commented, in his reply: "The words of the governor were all right and good. We have never heard any such speech since William Penn was here."

Under Governor Gordon there was a harmonious unity of Governor, Council and Assembly. such as had occurred in no previous administration; and he maintained at all times the friendliest relations with the people of the province, while at the same time he was scrupulously faithful to the interests of the proprietary. Such objections as were found to him were on the occasions when he paid scant respect to the strict code of somewhat ascetic propriety observed by his Quaker neighbors, including the bibulous celebration of the birthdays of the king and royal princes, and the military methods which attended his movements, such as an occasion when, as he embarked on a journey, he was saluted by salvos of guns from the ships in the harbor.

George I of England died June 11, 1727, and on August 31 the accession of George II was proclaimed in the market-place of Philadelphia. The new king's birthday celebration in the following October was made the occasion of a three days' jollification. The ship owners of Philadelphia had a patriotic entertainment at the house of William Chancellor, sailmaker and keeper of the powder-house, with twenty-one pieces of cannon firing salutes in the garden. That evening there was a ball at the governor's house; the following day the mayor gave a feast, and on the third day the grand jury gave a banquet in honor of the occasion.

The executive of the Penn estate, Hannah Penn, died in 1733 as the result of a paralytic stroke, and was succeeded in the proprietary by her sons, John (the "American"), Thomas and Richard, these pledging themselves to make money payments to their sister Margaret, who had become the wife of Thomas Freame. Of these Thomas was best qualified for taking care of the business end of the proprietaryship. He visited the colony in August, 1732, a year before his mother's death, and was received in great state by the populace, with a procession of seven hundred horsemen, a speech of welcome by Andrew Hamilton, the Speaker of the Assembly, and addresses, reception and a collation by the Common Council. There was also a banquet in his honor, given by the Assembly, a pow-wow with the Chiefs of the Five Nations, a display by the fire engines, a banquet by the Freeholders, and an elaborate dinner given by the churchwardens and vestry of Christ Church, at David Evans' Crown Tavern. Thomas had come to study the colony from the standpoint of the proprietor who intended to make the property yield the largest possible returns. He was then thirty years of age, and remained an active factor of the province as one of its feudal overlords for forty-three years, dying in 1775. He never bothered himself with questions of government or public welfare, and while his original reception was intended as a display of loyalty and good will, he had little appreciation for that sort of thing, though he had a sufficient recognition of the amenities to give a return banquet on the king's birthday, in the following October, at which there were many loyal toasts and salvos from fifty cannon, followed by a ball at the governor's house in the evening.

Thomas Penn was joined in 1735 by his brother John, his sister Margaret, and her husband, Thomas Freams, and these were given a civic reception similar to that which had been accorded to Thomas Penn three years before. John, though a native of the city, regarded his connection with it with little enthusiasm. He stayed only a short time, going back to England to give his personal attention to the Maryland Boundary Case, then pending before the Privy Council in London. He never returned to the colony, and died in 1746. Thomas Penn remained in Philadelphia for nine years, returning to England in 1741. His interest in the colony was that of the family's business interest, and by the inhabitants generally he was regarded as the proprietor of Pennsylvania. Richard, the younger brother, never took any personal interest in the province.

Governor Gordon died in office in 1736, at the age of 73. and James Logan, who was then president of the Council, became governor pending the appointment of Gordon's successor. As there was no new governor until 1738. Logan had a two-year term. Colonel George Thomas, a rich planter of Antigua, was appointed by the proprietors in 1737, but was not confirmed by the Crown until 1738. He arrived in the summer of that year, and was governor of the province

until 1746. In 1728 Logan had been maimed for life by a fall, in which he broke off the head of his thigh-bone, but his energy was unabated. He held the office of Chief Justice and President of the Council from 1731 to 1739. In 1739 he retired to Stenton, his country-seat, near Germantown, and devoted himself to scientific and classical studies. He attained considerable distinction as a scholar and scientist, well known in Europe as well as in America. He died October 31, 1751, and was buried in the Friends' burial-ground, on Arch Street. His eldest son, William (1718-1776), succeeded him as attorney for the Penn family.

In September and October, 1736, under the auspices of James Logan, who among his many excellencies of character and conduct included great friendliness and influence with the Indian tribes, there was held a Great Council in the Friends' Meeting House, at the corner of Second and High Streets. There were one hundred chiefs in the Council, who had been entertained at Logan's country-seat, at Stenton, for three days before the meeting. It was considered a momentous occasion, for all over the colonies there were portents of an approaching Indian uprising. At the council the chiefs sat in the body of the meeting-house and the galleries were filled with spectators. Presents were exchanged, and a great treaty of peace and amity was concluded.

In 1729 the Assembly was held in the house of Captain Anthony, and voiced loud discontent over the fact that it had no place of its own adequate for its needs, and declaring that if no provision was made for a State House it would choose some other town for its meetings. As a result, a board of trustees was named, with Andrew Hamilton at its head, to secure a site and erected a State House for the province. William Allen found a site and took title in his own name, turning it over to the trustees in 1730. The lots were on Chestnut, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. In 1732 the adjoining lots at each end of the former tract were purchased, giving an entire block for the building, which was begun in that year. Progress on the building was slow, but it had been so far completed in 1736 that the Assembly could meet on the lower floor.

The two years covered by the administration of lames Logan were years of tranquillity and peace, although both Indian and international troubles threatened.

WANING OF QUAKER ASCENDENCY IN ASSEMBLY; PHILADELPHIA UNDER CONDITIONS OF

WAR PREPARATION

Lieutenant-Governor George Thomas entered upon his duties June 1, 1738. The harmony between governor and Assembly, which had prevailed during the Gordon and Logan terms as governor, was disturbed almost at the outset of the Thomas administration. The trouble first began on a question of the issue of paper currency, which Thomas first opposed but afterward agreed to, yielding to

the judgment of the Assembly. Before coming to the province he had been in London engaged in the defense of the Penn proprietary rights to the lower counties (now the State of Delaware) against the similar claim to jurisdiction over them, by Lord Baltimore. Pending final adjudication it was arranged that each governor should exercise jurisdiction over the people from his own. province settled in the debatable district until

the correct boundary-line should be definitely drawn.

The serious issue between the Assembly and the Governor came following news which came in 1739 of difficulties between Britain and Spain over campeachy logwood, and Governor Thomas became insistent in regard to the necessity for defensive measures. He made every effort to induce the Assembly to vote liberal appropriations to put the province in a state of adequate military and naval defense, but the pacifist views of the Quakers prevailed, and the means were not forthcoming. Governor Thomas, on his own initiative, issued letters of marque to William Axson, commander of the sloop George, which was fitted up with ten guns and ten swivels and went out to sea, the first privateer which ever fitted out and sailed from Philadelphia. Going out in November, 1739, the George returned in July, 1740, with a full cargo, chiefly of cocoa, captured from Spanish merchantmen.

Andrew Hamilton, Speaker of the Assembly, though of the same name, was not a relative of the former governor. He retired from public life, with an impressive address, at the close of the session of 1739, after a career which had made him the most prominent man in the province,