Ittner v. Robinson.

10, in township 15 north, of range 13 east, with the appurtenances thereunto belonging, and numbered as lot 55 for taxable purposes, but not including the brick house and about two acres of land occupied by Mrs. Ittner, wife of deceased, in 1881, all in Douglas county, state of Nebraska, and avers that they are entitled to the possession thereof. Plaintiff says that on or about the 23d day of March, 1881, plaintiff, who was their said administrator, leased said premises to one Edward Reed for the term of twelve years, which lease has since been assigned by said Edward Reed to the defendants, who entered into the possession thereof, and are now in possession. Plaintiff says that in said lease are found the following conditions, which plaintiff claims are binding upon defendants, as follows, viz.: 'And the said Edward Reed, in consideration of the leasing aforesaid, doth agree to pay as rent for said premises the sum of $150 per annum, payable semi-annually in advance, for the period as aforesaid, together with all taxes that may be assessed against said premises during the continuance thereof.' It was further provided in said lease that it is agreed that the estate shall not be liable for the costs of any improvements or repairs put upon the place, or for any damage for opening streets through the premises by the city or otherwise. It was further provided in said lease that it is expressly agreed and understood by and between the parties hereto that in case the rent above reserved, or any part thereof, be not paid at the time the same becomes due and payable, or if any other condition or agreement herein contained on the part or behalf of the said Edward Reed be not by him fully complied with and performed, then and in that case the said Ittner, or his successors in authority, shall have the right, at his option, to declare this lease at an end and thereby cancel and annul the same and retake immediate possession of said premises and to put out and remove any person occupying the same. It was also provided in said lease that the cov

Ittner v. Robinson.

enants and agreements in this lease shall succeed to and be binding upon the respective heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns of the parties hereto. Plaintiff says said lease was recorded the same day of its execution and delivery, in the office of the county clerk of said county, and before the assignment thereof from said Reed to defendants.

"Plaintiff says that the sewer tax in district No. 79 of the city of Omaha has been assessed and levied on the said premises and became delinquent on February 3, 1889, and is still due and unpaid, and plaintiff has requested the defendants to pay the same, but they have failed and refused so to do, and now refuse so to do, being liable therefor, as plaintiff claims, under the covenants in said lease contained as above set forth. Plaintiff says that on or about August 31, 1889, he notified the defendant Robinson personally that unless that tax was paid by said defendant, that he should cancel the lease and take possession of said premises; that said defendants have refused to pay said tax, after said Harding has promised to do so, and by reason of the premises they now, and at the commencement of this suit, unlawfully and forcibly hold over their

term.

"Plaintiff says that on the 31st day of August, 1889, plaintiff served upon the defendant a notice, in writing, to leave the said premises. Plaintiff says said taxes are a lien on said premises. Plaintiff asks restitution of said premises and costs of suit."

A motion was made to strike out certain parts of the petition upon the ground that this being an appeal case it must be tried substantially upon the same issues as in the court below. The matter objected to does not change the cause of action. It is simply a more detailed and definite statement of the facts on which the plaintiff bases his claim for relief. This, in certain cases, is admissible. The motion therefore was properly overruled.

Second-The principal contention of the plaintiff is, that

Ittner v. Robinson.

the provision in the lease, that the lessee or his assignee should pay "all taxes that may be assessed against said premises during the continuance" of the lease, includes special assessments.

Judge Cooley says: "Special assessments are a peculiar species of taxation, standing apart from the general burdens imposed for state and municipal purposes, and governed by principles that do not apply generally. The general levy of taxes is understood to exact contributions in return for the general benefits of government, and it promises nothing to the persons taxed, beyond what may be anticipated from an administration of the laws for individual protection and the general public good. Special assessments, on the other hand, are made upon the assumption that a portion of the community is to be specially and peculiarly benefited, in the enhancement of the value of property peculiarly situated as regards a contemplated expenditure of public funds; and in addition to the general levy, they demand that special contributions, in consideration of the special benefit, shall be made by the persons receiving it." (Cooley on Taxation, 416.)

He also says: "Some of the cases assume the narrow ground that the constitutional provisions refer solely to state taxation, or that, if they go further to the general taxation for state, county, and municipal purposes, but the view generally expressed is, that though assessments are laid under the taxing power, and are in a certain sense taxes, yet that they are a peculiar class of taxes, and not within the meaning of that term as it is usually employed in our constitutions and statutes. Others are rested on both reasons. (Id., 436.)

A leading case on this question is Matter of the Mayor, etc., of N. Y., 11 Johns. [N. Y.], 77. In that case, the statute of New York exempted churches or places of public worship from being taxed by any law of the state. It was held that this exemption applied only to general and public

Ittner v. Robinson.

taxes and did not include assessments of the benefit resulting to the property from opening and enlarging public

streets.

In Bleecker v. Ballou, 3 Wend. [N. Y.], 263, a tenant took a lease of certain real estate for twenty-one years and covenanted "to pay all taxes, charges, and impositions" which could be imposed upon the demised premises during the term. It is said "there is no doubt the assessment in question is not a tax, that being a sum imposed as is supposed for some public benefit." It was held, however, that the words "charges and impositions" included assessments, and hence that the lessee was liable for the same. The question was very ably reviewed by the supreme court of South Dakota in Winona, etc., R. Co. v. City of Watertown, 44 N. W. Rep. [S. D.], 1072. In that case a territorial statute exempted the property of the railway from "all taxation." It was held that the real estate of the company was not thereby exempted from an assessment for local municipal improvement, and that such an assessment was not taxation within the meaning of the grant.

It will be conceded that the power to levy special assessments is derived from the taxing power of the government, but the word "taxes" without more is not generally understood to include assessments. In the case at bar the defendants agreed to pay a certain amount of rent semiannually, and to pay the taxes upon the property. Had the parties intended that the defendants should pay for the construction of a sewer or other improvements which would greatly enhance the value of the property, no doubt they would have so provided. In our view, the agreement to pay taxes included simply the ordinary taxes upon the property, and did not include special assessments for the construction of sewers. The judgment of the district court is right and is

AFFIRMED.

THE other judges concur.

Weeping Water Elec. Light Co. v. Haldeman.

WEEPING WATER ELECTRIC LIGHT Co. v. J. H. HALDEMAN ET AL.

[FILED JULY 1, 1892.]

1. Jurors: MOTION TO QUASH PANEL: VERIFICATION. A motion to quash the panel of jurors, because not drawn in proportion to the number of electors of the several precincts of a county, was verified by the attorney upon mere belief. Held, Not sufficient to justify the court in quashing the panel.

2.

-: WAIVER. After the jury was called into the box the attorney who had filed objections to the panel waived all objections to the jury, and also his peremptory challenges. Held, A waiver of objections that the jury was not properly drawn. 3. Review. The verdict and judgment conformed to the proof, and are affirmed.

ERROR to the district court for Cass county. Tried below before CHAPMAN, J.

H. D. Travis, for plaintiff in error, cited: Bohanan v. State, 15 Neb., 211; Gardner v. Turner, 9 Johns. [N. Y.], 261; Price v. McComas, 21 Neb., 195; Grimes v. Cannell, 23 Id., 187; Cole v. Kerr, 19 Id., 553; Stonebraker v. Ford, 81 Id., 532; Elder v. Miller, 60 Me., 118; Bank v. Farrer, 46 Id., 293; Gray v. Currier, 62 Ia., 535; Tootle v. Lyster, 26 Kan., 589; Golden v. Cockril, 1 Id., 259; Ellis v. Martin, 60 Ala., 394; Bowers v. Andrews, 52 Miss., 596; Winter v. Landphere, 42 Ia., 471; Tindall v. Wasson, 74 Ind., 496; Beall v. White, 94 U. S., 382; Steavens v. Pence, 56 Ia., 257; Argues v. Wasson, 51 Cal., 620; Ludwig v. Kipp, 20 Hun [N. Y.], 265; Reed v. Carpenter, 20 O., 88; La. State Bank v. Senecal, 13 La., 525; Natl. Bank v. Norton, 1 Hill [N. Y.], 572; Washington Bank v. Lewis, 22 Pick. [Mass.], 24; Black v. Winterstein, 6 Neb., 225.