(7) Submarines, second line.-Submarines of classes H to R, inclusive.

(m) Fleet submarines, first line.-Submarines of classes T and V.

In addition to the above there are patrol vessels, gunboat class; patrol vessels, converted yacht class; patrol vessels, submarine chaser and Eagle boat class; auxiliaries for use as tenders for destroyers, submarines, and lighter-than-air aircraft; and auxiliaries for repair ships, storeships, colliers, oilers, ammunition ships, cargo ships, transports, hospital ships, fleet tugs, mine sweepers, and miscellaneous uses.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH CLASS OF VESSEL IN OUR NAVY

(a) Battleships, first line.-Battleships are heavily armored, carry heavy armament, and are of moderate speed of about 20 knots. They are designed to fight any vessel anywhere.

The Washington Conference limits the size of battleships now to 35,000 tons displacement and to guns not over 16 inches. All battleships carry a large fuel capacity and have a large cruising radius. All battleships are heavily armored on the water line, with the heaviest armor in the vicinity of the vital parts of the ship, gradually tapering to about 3 inches at the bow and stern. In addition to this they carry heavy armor in the barbettes leading up to the turrets, heavy armor in tubes leading up to the conning and fire-control tower, and heavy armor in wake of the uptake space of smoke pipes. All turrets are heavily armored. A heavy protective deck of special steel covers the vitals of the ship. Besides this armor, battleships are protected by having double bottoms split up into numer

ous water-tight subdivisions. Also all vital parts of the ship are divided into numerous water-tight compartments so that these parts can be flooded without seriously affecting the other parts. In the latest ships there are further subdivisions, called "blisters," for protection against torpedoes.

The general features of our battleships are as follows, only the maximum armor thickness being given: Maryland, Colorado, and West Virginia.-All electric drive; 28,900 horsepower; speed, 21 knots; four screws; displacement, 32,600 tons; carry eight 16-inch, 45-caliber guns in four turrets; twelve 5-inch, 51caliber secondary battery; eight 3-inch, 50-caliber antiaircraft battery; and two submerged torpedo tubes.

NOTE. The eight 3-inch antiaircraft guns will be replaced by a battery of 5-inch, 23-caliber antiaircraft guns.

California and Tennessee.-Both electric drive; 29,600 horsepower; speed, 21 knots; four screws; displacement, 32,600 tons; carry twelve 14-inch, 50-caliber guns in four turrets; twelve 5-inch, 51-caliber secondary battery; eight 3-inch, 50-caliber antiaircraft battery; and two submerged torpedo tubes.

New Mexico, Idaho, and Mississippi.-New Mexico has electric drive; four screws; 21 knots; horsepower, 31,200. Idaho has Parsons turbines and Mississippi Curtis turbines; both have four screws, develop 32,000 horsepower, and speed of 21 knots; displacement of all three, 32,000 tons.

Pennsylvania and Arizona.-Pennsylvania has Curtis turbines, four screws, 29,366 horsepower, 21 knots. Arizona has Parsons turbines, four screws, 34,000 horsepower, 21 knots. Displacement both ships, 31,400 tons,

These five last-named ships carry the same armor and armament as the California, except they have two additional 5-inch guns.

Oklahoma and Nevada.-Oklahoma has triple-expansion, reciprocating engines; two screws; horsepower, 21,703; 2011⁄2 knots. Nevada has Curtis turbines, two screws, and 23,312 horsepower, and same speed as the Oklahoma. Displacement both ships, 27,500 tons. Carry ten 14-inch, 45-caliber guns in four turrets, two 3-gun turrets, and two 2-gun turrets; twelve 5-inch, 51-caliber broadside battery; eight 3-inch, 50-caliber antiaircraft; and two submerged torpedo tubes.

New York and Texas.-Both have triple-expansion reciprocating engines, two screws, 28,100 horsepower, 21 knots. They carry ten 14-inch, 45-caliber guns in five turrets; sixteen 5-inch, 51-caliber secondary battery; eight 3-inch, 50-caliber antiaircraft battery; and four submerged torpedo tubes. Displacement, 27,000

tons.

Arkansas and Wyoming.-Both have Parsons turbines, four screws, 28,000 horsepower, 21 knots. Each carries twelve 12-inch, 50-caliber guns in six turrets, sixteen 5-inch, 51-caliber broadside battery; two submerged torpedo tubes; and eight 3-inch, 50-caliber antiaircraft guns. Displacement, 26,000 tons.

Utah and Florida. Both have Parsons turbines, four screws, 28,000 horsepower, 21 knots. Both carry ten 12-inch, 45-caliber guns in five turrets, with rest of armament same as Arkansas class. Displacement,

21,825 tons.

NOTE. These last six battleships are being modernized by conversion to oil burners, addition of blisters to the hull, and provision for additional protection against bombs.

(b) Cruisers, second line, features of.-All these ships have reciprocating engines, two screws, and burn coal. Seattle class carries four 10-inch, 40-caliber guns in two turrets; sixteen 6-inch, 50-caliber guns, and twelve 3-inch, 50-caliber guns in secondary battery; two 3inch, 50-caliber antiaircraft, and four submerged torpedo tubes. Armor, 5 inches on water line, 8 inches on barbettes, 9 inches on turrets and conning tower. Speed, 22 knots; displacement, 14,500 tons. Pittsburgh class carry four 8-inch, 45-caliber guns in two turrets; two submerged torpedo tubes; fourteen 6-inch, 50caliber, ten 3-inch, 50-caliber, two 3-inch, 50-caliber antiaircraft guns. Armor, 6 inches on water line and turrets and 9 inches on conning tower; displacement, 13,680 tons; speed, 22 knots. St. Louis class carry twelve 6-inch, 50-caliber guns, and a secondary battery of 3-inch, 50-caliber, and two 3-inch, 50-caliber antiaircraft guns; no torpedo tubes; armor, 4 inches on water line, 5 inches on conning tower; displacement, 9,700 tons; speed, 22 knots. Rochester has four 8-inch, 45-caliber main battery, eight 5-inch, 50-caliber, and two 3-inch, 50-caliber antiaircraft guns; speed, 21 knots; and displacement of 8,150 tons; armor, 4 inches on water line, 61⁄2 inches on turrets, and 7 inches on conning tower.

NOTE. All these cruisers have 4 to 6 inch armor around casemates and 21⁄2 to 4 inch protective deck. The displacement given is normal displacement. These cruisers are lightly armored and have comparatively light armament. Their speed is about that of a modern battleship. Their use is mainly for escort duty.

NOTE.-Cruisers, first line, or battle cruisers are now limited to 35,000 tons displacement. They carry the same battery as a battleship, but are more lightly armored. They sacrifice protection for speed. Before the Washington Conference, our

Nayy had six of these building to carry 16-inch, 50-caliber guns, and to have a speed of 35 knots. They would be used as scouts, their great speed and power being valuable to pierce the enemy's scouting screen and getting information which weaker scouts could not obtain. They could also take their places in the main battle line. Four of these ships were scrapped and the other two, the Lexington and the Saratoga, are being converted into airplane carriers.

(c) Light cruisers, first line.-Pensacola class have designed horsepower of 107,000 and speed of 3212 knots; carry ten 8-inch guns and four 5-inch AA guns. They have a standard displacement of 10,000 tons, length of 570 feet, 5852 feet overall, and a maximum beam of 65 feet 3 inches. The Pensacola and Salt Lake City were laid down in 1926.

Omaha class have turbines with reduction gear, four screws, 90,000 horsepower, and speed of 34 knots; carry twelve 6-inch, 53-caliber guns as main battery and two triple torpedo tubes. They are designed especially for scouting. Their displacement is 7,500 tons.

(d) Light cruisers, second line. These are old cruisers. The Chester class are of 3,750 tons displacement; carry four 5-inch, 51-caliber guns, with speed of about 26 knots; have 2 inches armor on water line. The Denver class are 3,200 tons displacement (sheathed ships); carry eight 5-inch, 50-caliber guns, with speed about 16.7 knots. Have 22 inches steel armor on slope of protective deck. This class is used in Central American patrol duty.

(e) Aircraft carrier, first line. These are large, swift ships (ex-battle cruisers) designed to carry aircraft, with a top deck for airplanes to take off and land. The Saratoga and Lexington are 850 feet in length, 880 feet overall, with a beam of 106 feet (extreme). They