HYDER- and assigned to the French large territories near Pondicherry, the province of Karikal, and the town and district of Masulipatam. He was soon after killed in a mutiny of his troops. His only son being a minor, Salabut Jung, the third son of Assuf Jah, was placed in power by the influence of the French, in gratitude for which Salabut Jung confirmed many of the privileges enjoyed by them, and assigned several districts in the Northern Circars for the pay and equipment of the French auxiliaries in his service. On the outbreak of the war between France and England in 1756, the French were driven out of the Northern Circars by an English force. Salabut Jung, who had advanced to oppose the English, did not feel himself strong enough, without the aid of his French auxiliaries who had. been recalled by Count Lally, to risk a battle, and was glad to conclude a Treaty (No. I.) granting Masulipatam and other districts to the English in enam, and binding himself to exclude the French from his dominions. The acquisitions of the British in the Northern Circars were confirmed by a Firman of the Emperor of Delhi in 1765, at the same time that the Dewanee of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa was obtained. Salabut Jung was deposed in 1761 by his younger brother Nizam Ali, and died two years afterwards in prison. In 1765 Nizam Ali devastated the Carnatic but was driven back. At the same time an English force took possession of the Carnatic* in virtue of a Firman from the Emperor of Delhi. The Nizam was making active preparations for the continuance of hostilities, but the Madras Government, then labouring under pecuniary difficulties and alarmed at the prospect of a war, deputed General Calliaud to Hyderabad to negociate peace. The negociations. resulted in a Treaty (No. II.) by which for the Circars of Ellore, Siccacole, Rajamundry, Moostafurnugger and Moortizanugger or Guntoor, the British Government agreed to furnish the Nizam with a subsidiary force when required, and to pay nine lakhs a year when the assistance of their troops was not required. The Nizam on his part engaged to assist the British with his troops. The Circar of Guntoor, which the Nizam had given in jaghire to his brother Bazalut Jung, was not to be taken possession of till the latter's death, except in the event of his creating disturbances in the Carnatic. *See below; Carnatic. Under this Treaty a corps of two battalions joined the Nizam for the reduction of the fort of Bangalore in the possession of Hyder Ali, with whom the British Government was then on hostile terms; but it was soon withdrawn in consequence of the Nizam having treacherously deserted the British alliance and invaded the Carnatic in conjunction with Hyder Ali. The Nizam, however, was soon compelled to separate from Hyder, and in 1768 another Treaty (No. III.) was concluded between the British Government and the Nawab of the Carnatic on the one part and the Nizam on the other, by which the Nizam revoked all Sunnuds granted to Hyder Ali by the Soubadars of the Deccan, agreed to cede to the English the Dewanee of the Carnatic above the ghats which had been seized by Hyder Ali, on condition of their paying him seven lakhs of Rupees a year; not to interfere with the possessions of the Nawab of the Carnatic; and to accept a reduced payment for the Northern Circars. The engagement between the English and the Nizam mutually to assist each other with troops was altered into an agreement to furnish the Nizam on requisition with two battalions of sepoys with guns, on condition of the Nizam defraying their expenses, it being understood that the force was not to be employed against any person in alliance with the English. In consequence of Bazalut Jung collecting French troops in Guntoor, it became necessary in 1774 to call on the Nizam to order their removal. No results followed the Nizam's orders. But in 1779 Bazalut Jung, threatened by Hyder Ali, craved the protection of the English and agreed with the Madras Government (No. IV.) to rent to them the Guntoor district, to dismiss the French troops, and to receive English troops adequate for the defence of the district. This engagement, which was concluded without reference to the Nizam, was considered by him to be a breach of the Treaty of 1768, and was disallowed by the Supreme Government. The district of Guntoor, which in the meantime had been transferred to the Nawab of the Carnatic on a ten years' lease, was restored to the Nizam's officers. The same unseemly acrimony which had characterized the discussions regarding the Treaty concluded by the Bombay Government with Ragoba in 1775 disgraced the discussion of this Treaty between the Supreme Government and the Government of Madras. HYDER ABAD. HYDER ABAD. In 1782 Bazalut Jung died, and the Guntoor Circar, which ought to have lapsed to the English, was retained by the Nizam's officers. In 1788 a Resident was sent to Hyderabad to demand restitution of the district and to adjust the tribute due to the Nizam, the payment of which had been allowed to fall into arrears. The demand for the restoration of Guntoor was complied with (No. V.); but the dispute regarding the arrears of tribute could not be adjusted at Hyderabad. It was by mutual consent referred to the decision of the Governor General, and Meer Abdool Cassim was deputed by the Nizam to Calcutta to represent his interests. After allowing for the revenues collected from Guntoor by the Nizam, the arrears due by the British Government were reduced to the sum of Rupees 9,16,665. The mission of Meer Abdool Cassim was productive of a new engagement (No. VI.) explanatory of the Treaty of 1768. By this engagement, which was in the form of a letter from Lord Cornwallis, but was declared to be as binding on the British Government as a regular Treaty, it was explained that the words in the 6th Article of the Treaty of 1768 "whenever the situation of affairs will allow of such a body of troops to march into the Deccan" should be understood to mean that the force engaged for by that Article should be granted whenever the Nizam should apply for it, provided that it should not be employed against any power in alliance with the British Government. On the breaking out of the first war with Tippoo Sultan, Lord Cornwallis made every effort to secure the co-operation of the Nizam, by promising him full participation in the advantages which might result from the war. A Treaty of offensive and defensive alliance (No. VII.) was concluded with him on 4th July 1790. By this Treaty, to which the Peishwa was made a party, it was stipulated that the Nizam and the Peishwa should invade Tippoo's territories, and should furnish a contingent of 10,000 horse to be paid for by the British Government, that an equal division should be made of the territories conquered, that certain polygars and zemindars who had formerly been dependent on the Nizam and Peishwa should be placed on their former footing, and that if, after the conclusion of peace, Tippoo should attack any of the contracting parties, the others should join and punish him. On the termination of the war territories yielding an annual revenue of 13,16,000 Pagodas were made. over to the Nizam as his share of the conquests. ABAD. After the conclusion of peace Lord Cornwallis transmitted to Hyder- HYDERabad and Poona proposals to reduce to a definite Treaty the mutual guarantee against Tippoo which had been stipulated for in the Treaty of 1791. But owing to the delay and evasions of the Peishwa, whose designs against Tippoo and the Nizam would have been frustrated by the engagements proposed, the conclusion of the Treaty was abandoned, although the Nizam had given his verbal consent to it. At this time the Mahrattas revived a claim against the Nizam for arrears of chout and threatened hostilities if it was not satisfied. The Nizam applied to the British Government for aid, but Sir John Shore was precluded by the Treaties with the Mahrattas from interfering further than as a mediator. The war which broke out in 1795 terminated in the convention of Kurdla, by which the Nizam was compelled to cede to the Mahrattas territories yielding a revenue of thirty-five lakhs of Rupees, to pay three crores of Rupees, and to give his Minister Azim-ool-Omrah as a hostage for the fulfilment of these terms. Three-fourths of the territory ceded by the Nizam was afterwards recovered during the dissensions which followed the death of Madho Rao Peishwa. The resentment created in the mind of the Nizam by the refusal of the British Government to aid him in his extremities, or to permit the subsidiary force to accompany him in the war, led him to entertain in his service a body of troops commanded by French officers, and to dismiss the British subsidiary force. Friendly relations with him were therefore threatened with rupture; but before matters came to a crisis the rebellion of his son, Ali Jah, compelled him to beg the return of the subsidiary force. The return of the Minister Azim-oolOmrah from Poona was also favorable to British influence, and as the threatening attitude of Tippoo made a closer connection with Hyderabad desirable, a Treaty (No. VIII.) was concluded on 1st September 1798, by which the subsidiary force was made permanent and raised to six battalions costing Rupees 24,17,100 a year; the Nizam's French corps was to be disbanded; the British Government was to arbitrate between the Nizam and the Peishwa, or, in the event of the Peishwa not consenting to that arrangement, to protect the Nizam from any unjust and unreasonable demands of the Mahrattas. On the outbreak of the second war with Tippoo in 1799, the subsidiary force and the Nizam's army co-operated with the British HYDER- troops, and after the fall of Seringapatam the Nizam received by the partition Treaty of Mysore (No. IX.) districts yielding 6,07,332 Pagodas. To this were subsequently added two-thirds of the territories which were offered to, but rejected by, the Peishwa. The jealousy with which the Mahrattas viewed the operations against Tippoo, and the threatening attitude which they assumed, led the British Government to strengthen their connection with the Nizam, and a new Treaty (No. X.) was concluded with him on 12th October 1800, by which two battalions of infantry and one regiment of cavalry were added to the subsidiary force, and for the payment of the force the Nizam ceded all the territories he had acquired by the Mysore Treaties of 1792 and 1799, yielding about 17,58,000 Pagodas, subject to some exchanges to secure a well-defined boundary. The Treaty regulated the duties on which the subsidiary force was to be employed, secured the Nizam in the sovereignty of his dominions, prohibited his entering into political negociations with other States, and made the British Government the arbiter in his disputes with other powers. In consequence of the equivocal conduct of the Nizam in the first Mahratta war and the refusal of his officers to receive the wounded in the battle of Assaye into the forts of Dowlutabad and Daroor, an additional Article was added to the Treaty of 1800, requiring the contracting parties to admit the troops of either party into their forts when called upon. In 1802 a Treaty (No. XI.) was concluded to improve the commercial relations between the British Government and Hyderabad, by limiting the duty on imports to 5 per cent. and regulating the manner in which it should be levied. With exception of the duties levied under this Treaty all transit duties have recently been abolished in the Nizam's dominions. Duties of every kind on grain have likewise been abolished and the prohibition which had formerly been put on the export of grain has been removed. Nizam Ali died in 1803 and was succeeded by his son Sekunder Jah, who went through the farce of obtaining the confirmation of the Emperor of Delhi. On his accession all existing Treaties were confirmed (No. XII.). At the close of the Mahratta war the Nizam received by the partition Treaty of Hyderabad (No. XIII.), dated 28th April 1804, the cession of the Deccan territories conquered from Sindia and Nagpore. In 1808 died Meer Alim, the Nizam's able Minister and a sincere friend of |