12. What is said of a change of pronunciation in relation to a change of orthography?

13. What is said of the tendencies of the language?.

14. What is Grammar as a science and as an art?

15. What is the difference between science and art?

16. What is English Grammar as a science and as an art?

EXERCISES UNDER PART III,

ORTHOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS.

§ 238. BY ORTHOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS is meant that process by which each element of the written language, namely, each letter, is separated from the orthographic form in which it is used, and referred to the classification in § 182, and its local representative power described, according to § 183.

In phonetic analysis the attention is fixed on the Sounds; in orthographic analysis, on the Letters. In the former, the things represented are under consideration; in the latter, the representatives themselves.

EXAMPLES.

1. The Hebrew is a sublime monochord, uttering vague vowel sounds, as indistinct and shy as the breathings of an Æolian harp when exposed to a fitful breeze.-DE QUINCEY.

T is a dental surd consonant letter, cognate with d; his an aspirate consonant letter; here they are taken together as a compound sign or representative of a single sonant phonetic element; e is a vowel letter representing a phonetic element; his a letter representing a phonetic element; e, as above; b is a cognate consonant letter, and is called a labial, and here represents a phonetic element; r is a liquid consonant letter, sometimes called a palatal, sometimes a lingual, and here represents a phonetic element; ew, a digraph, is equivalent to u, and represents a diphthongal sound. The learner is expected to go through the sentence in like manner.

2.

High on a throne of royal state, which far
Outshone the wealth of Ormus or of Ind,
Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand,
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold,

Satan exalted sat, by merit raised to that

Bad eminence.-MILTON.

H is an aspirated consonant letter representing a phonetic element; i is a small vowel letter representing a phonetic element; g and h, neither separately nor taken together, represent here any phonetic element; o is a broad vowel letter representing a phonetic element; n is a liquid nasal consonant letter, sometimes called a cerebral, and here represents a phonetic element; a is a broad vowel letter representing a phonetic element; t is a dental cognate consonant letter; h is an aspirate letter; th together are a compound sign of a phonetic element; r, as before; o is a broad vowel letter, and represents a phonetic element; n, as before; .e represents no phonetic element, but is used as an orthographical expedient. The learner is expected to go through the passage in like manner.

3. Analyze the following passage, and state,

(1) Which letters represent the broad vowel elements, and which letters represent small vowel elements.

(2) Which letters represent surd elements, and which represent sonant elements; which, liquid elements; which, nasal elements; which, labial elements; which, dental elements ; which, palatal elements; which, sibilant elements; which, cerebral elements.

(3) Which letters are normally used in representing phonetic elements; and which letters are used abnormally in representing phonetic elements; and which letters are employed as orthographical expedients.

(4) What letter (or letters) is derived from the Phoenician; what letter is derived from the Greek; what letter is derived from the Roman; what letter is derived from the Anglo-Saxon.

Of the poetical principle, the philosophy of life in New-England makes little account. Emblems of the past do not invite the gaze down the vistas of time. Reverence is seldom awakened by any object, custom, or association. An extravagant spirit of utility invades every scene of life, however sequestered. We attempt not to brighten the grim features of care, or relieve the burdens of responsibility. The daughter of a distinguished law professor in Europe was in the habit of lecturing in her father's absence. To guard against the fascination of her charms, which,

it was feared, would divert the attention of the students, a curtain was drawn before the fair teacher, from behind which she imparted her instructions. Thus do we carefully keep out of sight the poetical, and veil the spirit of beauty, that we may worship undisturbed at the shrine of the practical.-H. T. TUCK

ERMAN.

SYNTHESIS.

1. Compose a sentence in which there shall be some letters representing the cognate phonetic elements.

2. Compose a sentence in which there shall be the representatives of the liquid phonetic elements; and one in which there shall be labial letters; and one in which there shall be dental letters; and one in which there shall be guttural or palatal letters; and one in which there shall be nasal letters; and one in which there shall be cerebral letters; and one in which there shall be sibilant letters.

3. Compose a sentence in which there shall be equivalent letters, namely, letters which abnormally or irregularly represent the same sounds which are normally or regularly represented by other letters.

4. Compose a sentence in which there shall be elementary sounds expressed by orthographical expedients.

5. Compose a sentence in which there shall be letters that come from the Hebrew Alphabet; and letters that come from the Greek Alphabet; and letters that come from the Roman Alphabet; and at least one letter that comes from the AngloSaxon Alphabet.

Having, in this Third Part, exhibited the external, or the orthographic, form of the Matter or Sounds of the language, we are prepared to examine the Etymological Relations.

PART IV.

ETYMOLOGICAL FORMS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CHAPTER I.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

DEFINITIONS.

§ 239. ETYMOLOGY, from the Greek ervμov, an etymon, and λóyos, an account, is an account of the etymon, the true, literal, and exact force of a word. Hence, by extension, it is an account of the different kinds of words and of their formation. It treats of the classification, inflection, and derivation of words.

The term is used in two senses. When used in the limited sense of the word, it is grammatical etymology, and includes classification and inflection. When used in the wide sense, it is historical etymology, and embraces the derivation of words from different languages or from different stages of the same language. In both senses it treats of single words, and takes cognizance of the changes of form which they undergo. See § 382.

ETYMOLOGICAL FORMS, in the English language, are the words of the language viewed only in their etymological relation, whether in the same language or in other languages.

GRAMMATICAL ETYMOLOGY treats of the classification and inflection of words.

CLASSIFICATION is the division of words into their different sorts or parts of speech. A speech is the expression of a thought by words, or it is a sentence.

INFLECTION is the change of form which words undergo in order to express different relations; as the change of termination of a verb to indicate its relation to persons; as, Speak, speakest;