Gothic ana, German an, Anglo-Saxon and English on (connected with Greek ȧvú, above).

(1.) Up, upward; as, Anadromous, running up; anagoge, a leading of the mind upward.

(2.) Over, about; as, Anatreptic, overturning.

(3.) Back, in a contrary direction; as, Anacamptic, reflected, turned back.

(4.) Back, to the original state; as, Anatomy, the dissecting of an animal body into its constituent parts; analysis, the separation of a compound body into its constituent parts.

(5.) Back, anew, again; as, Anadiplosis, the use of the same word at the end of one clause and the beginning of another.

(6.) Away; as, Anachoret, a hermit, recluse.

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4. Anti, Greek ȧvτí Sanscrit ati, Latin ante, Gothic and and anda, Anglo-Saxon and and on, German and, ant, ent, English an in answer. (1.) Before, over against; as, Greek dvтíkɛpaι, to lie over against. No example occurs in English.

(2.) Against, in opposition to; as, Antipode, having the feet directly opposite; antipathy, opposite feeling. Also as a preposition, with its complement; as, Antiasthmatic, good against the asthma.

(3.) Denoting correspondence; as, Antitype, a figure corresponding to its pattern.

(4.) Denoting alternation or reciprocity; as, Antiphony, alternate or reciprocal singing; antistrophe, reciprocal conversion.

(5.) Denoting exchange; as, Antiptosis, the exchange of one case for another.

5. Aрo, Greek dπó-Sanscrit apa and ava, Latin ab, Gothic af, German ab, Anglo-Saxon and English of.

(1.) From, off; as, Apocope, the cutting off of the last letter or syllable of a word; apology, a speaking one's self off, a defense in words. (2.) Away; as, Apostrophe, a turning away.

(3.) Out; as, Apozem, a decoction; apologue, a saying out, a full

narration.

(4.) Down; as, Apoplexy, a striking down.

(5.) Denoting privation or negation; as, Apocalypse, an uncovering, revelation.

6. Cata, Greek kaтá.

(1.) Down, downward; as, Catarrh, a flowing down.

(2.) Against, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Catabaptist, one who opposes baptism.

(3.) Upside down; as, Catastrophe, a turning upside down, overthrow.

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(4.) Denoting distribution, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Catamenia, monthly courses.

(5.) Denoting perversion; as, Catachresis, wrong use.

7. Dia, Greek diá-Latin dis (connected with Greek duw, Latin duo, English two).

(1.) In two, asunder, apart; as, Diaresis, the resolution of a diphthong.

(2.) Through; as, Diameter, a line drawn through the centre. (3.) Thoroughly; as, Diagnostic, distinguishing, characteristic. (4.) Between, denoting reciprocity; as, Dialogue, conversation be

tween two or more.

8. Dys, Greek dúç-Sanscrit dus, Gothic tus.

(1.) Badly, with difficulty; as, Dyspepsy, difficulty of digestion. (2.) Denoting want or absence; as, Dysorexy, want of appetite. 9. Ec before a consonant, or ex before a vowel, Greek ek, ¿§= Sanscrit wahis, Latin e, ex, Gothic ût, German aus, English out. (1.) Out; as, Eclogue, a selection; exanthema, an eruption. (2.) Away; as, Eclipse, a failure.

10. En, Greek ¿v=Latin in, German in, English in.

(1.) In, on; as, Enclitic, leaning on.

(2.) Among, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Endemic, among the people.

(3.) Into; as, Enallage, the change of one into another.

11. Epi, Greek πí = Sanscrit abhi, Gothic bi, German bei, English by.

(1.) On, upon; as, Epigram, an inscription. Also as a preposition, with its complement; as, Epitaph, an inscription on a sepulchre. (2.) To, unto; as, Epistle, a writing sent to a person. (3.) In addition to; as, Epilogue, a conclusion.

12. Eu, Greek ev, signifying well; as, Euphony, agreeableness of sound.

13. Hama or a, Greek äμa, á, ȧ=Sanscrit sa, sam, Gothic sama. (1.) Together with, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Hamadryad, a wood nymph, feigned to live and die with its tree.

(2.) Denoting sameness; as, Adelphic, relating to brethren, or those from the same womb.

14. Hyper, Greek vπéρ Sanscrit upari, Latin super, Gothic ufar, German über, English over.

(1.) Over; as, Hyperaspist, one who holds a shield over another. (2.) Beyond, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Hyperborean, beyond the north.

(3.) Denoting excess; as, Hypercritic, an over-rigid critic.

15. Hypo, Greek úπó-Sanscrit upa, Latin sub, Gothic uf.

(1.) Under; as, Hypothesis, a placing under, a supposition. Also as a preposition, with its complement; as, Hypogeum, the parts of a building under ground.

(2.) Denoting deficiency; as, Hyposulphurous, sulphurous, but having a less quantity of oxygen.

16. Is, Greek eiç (connected with Greek év), signifying into; as, Isagogic, introductory.

17. Meta, Greek μɛrá German mit (connected with Sanscrit madhya, Greek péσos, Latin medius, English middle).

(1.) With; as, Metalepsis, participation, the name of a figure of speech.

(2.) After, of place or time, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Metacarpus, the part after or beyond the wrist; metachronism, a placing after the time.

(3.) Over; as, Metaphor, a transfer; metabasis, a transition.

(4.) Denoting change; as, Metamorphosis, a change of form or shape.

(5.) Denoting transposition; as, Metagrammatism, a transposition of letters; metathesis, a transposition.

18. Para before consonants, or par before vowels, Greek naрá, Taρ Sanscrit parâ, Gothic fra, English from.

(1.) By, along with; as, Parabole, a comparison; paragraph, something written near; parathesis, apposition. Also as a preposition, with its complement; as, Paranymph, a brideman; parallel, by or near each other.

(2.) To, toward; as, Paraclete, one that calls upon or exhorts another.

(3.) Beyond; as, Paraphrase, an extended explanation; paragoge, an addition to the end of a word. Also as a preposition, with its complement; as, Parapherna, what is over and above the dower. (4.) Denoting error; as, Paraselene, a false moon; paradox, a false opinion.

19. Peri, Greek Tερí Sanscrit pari, Latin per, Gothic fair, Ger

man ver.

(1.) Around, about; as, Periphery, the circumference of a circle; periphrasis, circumlocution. Also as a preposition, with its complement; as, Pericranium, the membrane that invests the skull.

(2.) Near, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Perigee, point nearest the earth.

20. Pro, Greek рó=Sanscrit pra, Latin pro, præ, Gothic faur, German vor, English for.

(1.) Before, in place; as, Prostyle, a range of columns in front. Also as a preposition, with its complement; as, Propolis, something before the city.

(2.) Before, in time; as, Prodrome, a forerunner; prolepsis, anticipation; prophet; prologue. Also as a preposition, with its complement; as, Prochronism, the antedating of an event.

(3.) Before, forth, in a metaphorical sense; as, Problem, something set forth or proposed.

21. Pros, Greek Tрóç-Sanscrit prati.

(1.) Unto; as, Prosthesis, the addition of a letter or syllable to the beginning of a word; proselyte, one that comes over to another sect or party.

(2.) In addition to; as, Prosenneahedral, having nine faces on two adjacent parts of a crystal.

22. Syn, before a labial sym, before l syl, before z or a double consonant sy, Greek oúv, ovu, ovλ, ov=Sanscrit sam, Latin con, Gothic ga, German and Anglo-Saxon ge.

(1.) With, in company with; as, Symbol, that which compares with something else; sympathy, feeling with another; syzygy, conjunction.

(2.) Together, in a mass or body; as, Synagogue, a bringing together; synthesis, composition; syllable, a taking together of letters.

V I. GREEK COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH. 413. The Greek language excels in compounds. The learned of Europe have been accustomed for centuries to borrow compound words from the Greek for terms of science. Hence, in English, Greek compound words are very numerous.

In Greek compounds the union-vowel between the two members is commonly o, while in Latin compounds it is commonly i. Compare aeronaut, which is derived from the Greek, with aeriform, which is derived from the Latin.

1. Imperfect compositions; as, Theanthrope (compare God-man) in theanthropism; hermaphrodite, male and female; dodeca, twelve, in dodecagon. These compounds are rare.

2. Perfect compositions: (1.) where the first term is an adjective or a substantive in the genitive; as, Cacodemon, democracy; (2.) where the first term denotes an object; as, Pedagogue, geography, sciagraphy, anthropophagi.

3. Inverted compositions; as, Philology, philosophy, philanthropy, misanthrope.

There are derivatives from Greek compounds with various suffixes; as, Theanthropism, democratic, pedagogical, philosophical.

VII. DISGUISED GREEK DERIVATIVES AND COM

POUNDS.

§ 414. There are two classes of Greek words adopted in English which have been greatly mutilated or disguised.

I. Certain ecclesiastical terms which passed early into the Teutonic languages from immediate contact with the Greek or Oriental Church; as, Alms, bishop, devil, priest.

II. Certain medical terms, which have been corrupted by the vulgar; as, Imposthume, megrim.

1. Bishop (Anglo-Saxon biscop and bisceop, Dutch bisschop, German bischof, Swedish and Danish biskop; also, Old French eveque, French évêque, Portuguese bispo, Spanish obispo, Italian vescovo, Latin episcopus, Greek episkopos, compounded of epi, upon, over, and skop, to see), literally, an overseer.

skep,

Note. This word, although of Greek origin, is evidently derived to us from the Anglo-Saxon.

2. Catarrh (French catarrhe, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian catarro; also, German katarrh, Latin catarrhus, Greek katarrhous, compounded of kata, down, and √rhe, to flow), literally a flowing down.

3. Imposthume (French aposteme, apostume, Portuguese and Spanish apostema, Italian apostema, impostema, Latin apostema, Greek apostema, compounded of apo, from, off, and √ sta, to stand), a corruption of aposteme, literally a standing off or separating.

4. Megrim (French migraine, Portuguese and Spanish hemicrania, Italian emicrania, emigrania, Latin hemicranium, Greek hemikrania, compounded of hemi, half, and kranion, skull), a corruption of hemicrany, a pain affecting half the head.

5. Palsy (French paralysie, Portuguese paralisia, paralysia, parlezia, Spanish paralisis, perlesia, Italian paralisia, Latin paralysis, Greek paralusis, compounded of prefix para, vlu, and suffix sis), a corruption of paralysis, literally a relaxation.

6. Quinsy or squinancy (French esquinancie, Portuguese esquinancia, eschinancia, esquinencia, Spanish esquinancia, esquinencia, Italian squinanzia, Latin synanche, Greek sunagche, compounded of sun, with, together, and agch, to choke), an inflammation of the throat.

7. Squirrel (French écureuil, Latin sciuriolus, diminutive from sciurus, Greek skiouros, compounded of Greek skia, a shade, and oura, a tail, as if having its tail for a shade), the name of an animal.

8. Surgeon (Norman-French surigien, French chirurgien, Portu