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Names.

APPENDIX I.

Inspectors-General of the United States Army from 1778 to 1900.

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John Stagg, jr

Remarks.

He was presented a gold-hilted sword as a mark of the high sense the Congress entertain of his character and services." Died Nov. 28, 1794.

Apr. 15, 1784 June 25, 1788 Brigadier-general,

adjutant-general, July 19, 1798. Died Jan. 4, 1836.

Chief clerk June 25, 1788 Apr. 30, 1790 Brigade major in the RevolutionWar Deary army. Died Dec. 28, 1803. partment. Francis Mentges..... Colonel. Lieutenant-colonel in the Revolutionary army. Henry de Butts.....

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Apr. 30, 1790
Captain..... Mar. 17, 1792
Sept. 17, 1792

Mar. 17, 1792

Sept. 17, 1792
Feb. 21, 1793

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Zebulon M. Pike1

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Entered the service as ensign in
the levies of 1791.
Lieutenant in Revolutionary army.
Served in St. Clair's campaign,
1791. Died May 6, 1803.
Brevetted by the Continental Con-
gress for gallantry in leading the
forlorn hope at Paulus Hook in
1779. Died 1795.

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Was in command of troops in Canada in war of 1812. Member of Congress from Virginia for several terms. Died April 26, 1830.

Mar. 12, 1813 Apr. 27, 1813 Killed in the attack on York (now

June 1, 1814
July 2, 1814

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Colonel..... June 1, 1821 June 25, 1841

Toronto), Canada, after the cap-
ture, by the explosion of the
magazine.

Resigned from the army June 1, 1814.
Commanded American forces at

Bladensburg and in defense of
Washington in 1814. Died May 24,
1824.

Nov. 22, 1814 June 1, 1821 Paymaster-General of the Army
June 1, 1821, to May 8, 1822. Died
April 5, 1846.
(Senior Inspector-General.) Briga-
dier-general, June 25, 1841; major-
general, May 16, 1862. Brevetted
1814 for gallant conduct in the
battle of Plattsburg, in 1826 for
ten years' faithful service in one
grade, and in 1847 for gallant and
meritorious conduct in the battle
of Buena Vista, for which he was
also thanked (1854) and awarded
a sword by resolution of Congress.
Died Nov. 10, 1869.

1 From the death of General Pike the office of Adjutant and Inspector-General remained vacant (the duties being performed by Col. Abimael Y. Nicoll, Inspector-General) until May 19, 1814, when Gen. W. H. Winder was appointed, and held the office until July 2, after which the office was again vacant until Nov. 22, 1814, when Daniel Parker was appointed.

Inspectors-General of the United States Army from 1778 to 1900—Continued.

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Jan. 8, 1849 (Senior Inspector-General.) Pre-
sented a gold medal "with suit-
able emblems and devices in tes-
timony of the high sense enter-
tained by Congress of his gal
lantry and good conduct in de-
fense of Fort Stephenson. Ohio,"
in 1835, and brevetted for same
in 1813. Died Jan. 8, 1849.
(Senior Inspector-General.) Bre-
vetted 1847 for gallant and mer-
itorious conduct in the battle of
Buena Vista. Died Dec. 7, 1862.
(Senior Inspector-General.) McClel-
lan's chief of staff. Brevetted
brigadier-general 1865 for gallant
and meritorious service in the
field during the civil war, also
major-general of volunteers for
faithful and meritorious service
during the war. Died Nov. 22,
1887.

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Aug. 9, 1861

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Dec. 11, 1878
Jan. 1, 1881

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Brevetted 1846 for gallant and mer-
itorious conduct in the battles of
Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma,
and in 1865 brigadier-general for
gallant and meritorious service
in the field during the war, and
major-general for faithful and
meritorious services during the
war. Died Mar. 8, 1885.
Brevetted 1847 for gallant and mer-
itorious conduct in the battles of
Contreras and Cherubusco, in 1863
for gallant and meritorious con-
duct in the battle of Gettysburg,
in 1864 for gallant and merito-
rious service in action with
Apache Indians in Arizona, in
1865 (brigadier-general) for mer-
itorious and efficient service dur-
ing the war. Died May 15, 1890.
Brevetted 1863 for gallant and mer-
itorious service in the battle of
Chickamauga, Ga., in 1863 for
gallant and meritorious service
in the battle of Chattanooga,
Tenn., in 1865 (brigadier-general)
for gallant and meritorious serv-
ice in the capture of Atlanta, Ga.,
also in 1865 (major-general) for
gallant and meritorious service
in the field during the war, and
major-general of volunteers for
faithful service and distinguished
conduct during the Atlanta cam-
paign, and particularly in the
battles oi Resaca and Jones-
boro, and for general good con-
duct in the command of his di-
vision against Savannah.
Died Jan. 26, 1889.
Brevetted in 1864 for gallant and
meritorious service in battle be-
fore Atlanta, Ga., and in 1865 for
gallant and meritorious services
during the war. Major-general
of volunteers, May 4, 1898; was in
Cuba with Lawton's division dur-
ing the Santiago campaign and
in the actions at El Caney and
Bloody Ford (where his horse was
shot under him) and at San Juan
Hill. Was assigned to the com-
mand of the separate army in the
field at Camp George H. Thomas,
Georgia, composed of 44,000 men,
and on the breaking up of that
camp commanded all the First
Army Corps within the United
States, with headquarters at Lex-
ington, Ky. Mustered out as
major-general of volunteers Nov.
30, 1898.

APPENDIX J.

ANNUAL MANEUVERS IN GERMANY.

The imperial military maneuvers in Germany in the autumn of last year were carried out on a very large scale, three army corps taking part in them. The theater of the mimic warfare was the northern portion of the Black Forest, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, the hilly country about Stuttgart, in the Kingdom of Wurtemberg, and the flat valley of the Rhine south of Strasburg. Parts of the terrane are very mountainous, others very flat, but, on the whole, the ground over which the troops were maneuvered is undulating and very varied and lends itself admirably to the carrying out of the operations of war. And it may be of interest to note a remark on the infantry, cavalry, artillery, and staff by Maj. Gen. A. E. Turner, C. B., R. A., published in the United Service Magazine of January, 1900:

Throughout this vast army one system of training and the same degree of efficiency exist, and there is no perceptible difference in any essential point between the units of the same description throughout the length and breadth of the German Empire.

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The principal events of the maneuvers took place on the 8th, 9th, 11th, and 13th of September.

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The attack was carried out with marvelous precision, every roll of ground was utilized, and the advance of some 70,000 men on the position was, to a great extent, concealed. Certainly long practice and experience has made the German officer a wonderful leader of men.

The general points most worthy of notice were the operations of the cavalry far in advance of the main body. Everything was searched. I have always, in the many accounts of German maneuvers, strongly dwelt on the excellence of this arm and on the high degree of energy and professional knowledge possessed by its officers, one and all, for an indifferent or careless officer does not remain long in the German army. Nor is the action of the cavalry by any means confined to what is called in German sicherheitsdienst and aufklärungsdienst. *

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What was principally remarkable about the artillery was the manner in which it was concealed; the low wheels of the new quick-firing gun, only 4 feet 6 inches high, facilitate this; long lines of guns come into action, the guns being run up into the firing position by hand without showing themselves to the enemy, while their sudden smokeless flash makes the task of finding the range to them one of the greatest difficulty. No cover which can be utilized is despised by the German army; and, as it is laboriously trained to use it, in real warfare it will enjoy an incalculable advantage over an enemy who is not an equal adept in thus protecting his soldiers, whose losses will be entirely out of proportion with its own.

A most careful and lengthy reconnaissance is made of all positions to be attacked, and there is no premature hurry in the advance on them.

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The forward action of artillery.-Since the war of 1866 the Germans have learned how to use their guns, and year by year they seem to push their artillery more and more to the front and to make it more and more the backbone and "regulator" of a battle. Each infantry division has six batteries, and the Times correspondent, whose letters on these maneuvers would form a most valuable and instructive pamphlet for military students, relates that the whole of these batteries on occasions marched with the advanced guards. The artillery thus comes very early into action at long ranges; it moves after a time to nearer positions, and finally when the assault is being delivered and the attention of the defenders mainly concentrated on the attacking infantry some of the batteries advance to the shortest ranges and fight almost shoulder to shoulder with the infantry, as the guard batteries did at St. Privat and the artillery generally at Beaune la Roland and Loigny Pourpy. The infantry advance never takes place till the preliminary preparations by the artillery is completed; that is, when the enemy's artillery is entirely or nearly silenced. Then its fire is directed on the points selected for the infantry attack. By this the loss of the latter is enormously lessened and their task lightened.

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The infantry attack is thus delivered, the firing line in single rank extended at intervals of 1 to 2 paces march on the designated point of attack; the supports, similarly extended, follow at about 200 yards distance. There is little or no firing

WAR 1900-VOL 1, PT II- -15

till the firing line arrives to about 800 to 900 yards of the objective; here it halts, a heavy fire is poured in, and the supports close in. The reinforced firing line then advances by successive rushes by companies or half battalions to within about 500 yards of the position. In the meantime the second line, which is composed of innumerable small lines of companies, gradually closes up, all in single rank, drums beating and fifes playing. They appear to be moving independently, and the whole country seems covered with them; but with marvelous precision they slowly but surely converge on the objective of attack till they are arranged in a sort of formation of many lines opposite it.

The firing line, followed by the rest, then moves rapidly forward to within 300 yards of the enemy, and here a tremendous fire is poured in. The mass in rear is always closing up. Suddenly one of its companies, followed by all the others, rushes forward, and in a minute a huge swarm, apparently without any formation, rushes upon the enemy, the firing line supporting the assault with a rapid and ceaseless fire. The position is captured, and probably a second attack has to be made on a further one. After the rush it is evident that all cohesion of units must be lost. This condition of things is foreseen and constantly practiced; the men fall in under the nearest officers without any regard to their own companies or battalions or even to their brigades or divisions.

What strikes me perhaps most forcibly at German maneuvers is the enormous difficulty that our general staff labors under in producing useful and practical maneuvers which can give a real picture and tend to instruct our officers in the higher ranks in comparison with those experienced by the military authorities in countries like Germany, in which the obligation to general service (Allgemeinwehrpflicht) exists, and following upon it the right by law to occupy, every year, a certain tract of country as a maneuver area, the whole resources of which are practically at the disposal of the troops for the time being. In the present instance the opposing forces were from 60 to 70 miles apart when they started. As much transport as is required is impressed locally and well paid for. Other great advantages are possessed by military commanders in Germany, who go into the field of maneuvers or war with their own staffs and troops, which latter they have watched from the first day that the men joined as recruits and for whose training they are themselves responsible.

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As an artilleryman I shall, I hope, be pardoned, if I once more allude to my own arm and conclude by pointing out the enormous increase of power which the German army has obtained by the introduction of quick-firing guns. German artillery offcers say that the power of their artillery is more than doubled. They can fire five aimed rounds a minute against two with their former very excellent gun. The ammunition is all "fixed" like a rifle cartridge, whether shrapnel or high explosive. The number of guns per army corps is now 138, and this is to be increased by the addition of howitzer batteries for bombarding covered positions and villages.

APPENDIX K.

WAR DOGS AND AUTOMOBILES.

That small but smartly written Swiss service journal, the Allgemeine Schweizerische Militär-Zeitung, in No. 44 of 1899, gives an excellent description of the annual trials of German war dogs for that year. The points observed in the trials were

1. Behavior as watchdog (possible marks to be awarded, 6).

2. Returning from a patrol to the leader (possible marks, 5). 3. Going from the leader to the patrol (possible marks, 8).

4. Following the scent or tracks of the leader (possible marks, 6). 5. Lying down or sitting down by order and remaining still until called for by the leader, who in the meantime retired to a spot from whence he could not be seen by the dog (possible marks, 5).

It was not considered necessary to test the dogs in working on the leash, nor in "fetching," this latter accomplishment being of minor importance from a military point of view, and time failed for trials in

carrying ammunition, or in looking for wounded, and barking when found. In order to conduct the trials, a company of a Jäger regiment took up position as a picket in a line of outposts.

Behavior as watchdog was tested in the following manner: A double sentry was posted on a road in grounds which could not be overlooked, and the dog and his leader were attached to this post for duty. Two Jägers, dressed to represent an enemy's patrol, then attempted to creep up to the post unperceived from a distance of 300 meters. the course of the test seven dogs gave due notice of the enemy's approach by growling, five took no notice at all, and four made too much noise and were accordingly awarded half marks only.

In

For sending messages four dogs at a time were sent by patrols from the picket to four distinct points determined on beforehand, the old dogs to travel a distance of 3 kilometers, the young ones 23 kilometers, partly along roads, partly through woods, and partly across open cornfields. The dog-feaders remained with the picket. Each dog had to carry messages as follows:

1. From the patrol to the picket.

2. From the picket to the patrol.

3. Back again from the patrol to the picket.

4. From the picket back to the patrol, which by this time had changed position (after sending the dog away the second time) about 300 meters. Each dog carried in a leathern dispatch pouch a regular form in which the time of departure from and arrival at each post was noted down for each journey, in order to show the length of time taken in carrying the messages. A great improvement was shown in the certainty with which dispatches were carried as compared with the results of the previous years' trials. On an average the kilometer was covered by the dogs in four and one-fourth minutes. Out of 16 dogs which took part this year in the trials, 6 distinguished themselves by their speed. One was not tested in carrying dispatches. All the remainder went well enough from the patrol to their leader at the picket, but did not return from picket to patrol. These latter were therefore struck out of the remainder of the competition as the umpires decided that the carrying of dispatches was the first and indispensable qualification for a war dog," if he was to be of any real use.

As regards obedience in remaining where they were told, each dog had to remain still at a certain prescribed spot, either sitting or lying down, where he could not see his leader, for at least twenty minutes before the latter fetched him back.

During this test 6 dogs were disobedient, leaving the prescribed spot and returning to their leaders before they were called; the remainder stood the test perfectly. For the test of following the leader's trail, the latter were sent about 600 meters to the front, through wooded ground, and the dog, after the lapse of a few minutes, sent after him. Eight of the competitors failed to reach their leaders, either because they did not attempt to or because they lost the trail.

The following breeds of dogs took part in the trials: Five colleys, 2 German pointers, 4 sheep dogs, 2 Airedale terriers (crossed with German wire-haired terrier), 1 crossbreed (poodle and pointer), 1 crossbreed (setter and mastiff), 1 crossbreed (fox terrier and sheep dog). But the result of the trials tended to show that pure-bred dogs are the best for the purpose, and colleys seemed the most suitable of the various breeds, as they are speedy enough, easily taught, have

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