him to increase his supply of putrid water, which he did by enlarging the reservoir, and conducting into it hollow drains from his stables, ox-stalls, kitchen, &c.; besides which he ordered vegetable refuse from the garden to be thrown into it, and emptied the privy into it once a year. From all these resources he obtained a large quantity, which was used with a water-cart, having a trough behind as for watering roads; and this mode of manuring was found greatly preferable to the common one for hay and pasture land. New Musket.-A curious invention in firearms has lately been accomplished by an ingenious mechanic of New York. It is a single barrel and lock, stocked in the usual manner, and is perfectly simple, safe, and convenient. The number of charges may be extended to fifteen or even twenty, each charge being under as complete control as a single charge in an ordinary gun; and may be fired in the space of two seconds to a charge, or at longer intervals, at the option of the possessor, with the same accuracy and force as any other gun. The principle can be applied to any musket, rifle, fowling-piece, or pistol, and can be made to fire from two to twelve times, without adding any thing to the incumbrance of the piece, except five or six ounces to its weight.-This gun has been shown to many of our officers of the army and navy, and has been highly approved of. Size and Shape of the Globules of Blood in different Animals. A number of very interesting results have recently been obtained by J. L. Prevost, M. D. and J. A. Dumas, respecting the form of the globules of blood of different animals. The following are their measures of the diameters of the globules: Man, Dog, Rabbit, Hedgehog, Guinea Pig, Muscarden, the 3750th part of an English inch -Ass, the 4175th ditto-Cat, Grey Mouse, White Mouse, the 4275th ditto - Sheep, Horse, Mule, Ox, the 5000th ditto-Chamois, Stag, the 5450th ditto-She-Goat, the 7200th ditto. But while the globules of blood in different animals vary in size, they also vary in form. In the mammalia they are all spherical, while in birds they are elliptical, and vary only in the lengths of their greater axes. They are likewise elliptical in all cold-blooded animals. They found also, that the colourless globule which exists in the centre of the particles of blood, has the constant diameter of the 7500th of an inch in all animals, and whatever be the form of the globule which contains it. Literary Motices. Just Published, The Christian Indian of North America, a narrative of facts, with frontispiece and cuts, 6d. A Collection of Birth-day Odes, written and published in Botany Bay. The Protestant Historical Catechism, being a Concise View of Christianity, with the Rise and Establishment of the Reformation under Martin Luther, by Josiah H. Walker. A brief Sketch of the Life of Thuanus, with copious Notes to the Dedication of his History of France, by Josiah H. Walker. Mr. Overton, of Chelsea, has in the Press, an entire new View of the Apocalyptic Numbers, shewing the 666 years of the Babylonian beast, followed by his 42 months' power, reach from the third of Cyrus to the final desolation in Judea, A. D. 136, which Daniel's vision extended to; then after a thousand years appeared in Rome against the Waldenses, &c. whose souls rest with Christ the present thousand; after which, infidel Gog in the last effort will perish with the beast for ever, and the endless sabbath of rest begin. Preparing for Publication, in 2 vols. 12mo. elegantly printed, The Domestic Guide to Literature and the Sciences, by the Rev. H. C. O'Donnaghue, A. M. late of St. John's College, Cambridge; and Domestic Chaplain to the Right Hon. the Earl of Dunraven. A Plan for Translating Languages without Study, or any previous acquaintance therewith, by Henry Mathews. Average Price of Grain per Quarter, for the 12 Districts, from the Gazette. Wheat. Barley. Oats. Rye. Beans. Peas. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. July 20.43 8 19 5 18 10 18 4 26 4 25 9 27.43 2 18 4 18 720 5 25 226 9 Aug. 3. 42 5 18 2 18 5 18 0 24 8 25 10. 42 11 18 118 419 324 8 27 1 17.43 3 19 118 018 424 6 26 Price of Stocks, Bank Stock, 251 3 per Ct. Rd. 811 81 3 per Ct. Cons.80 3 per Cent. 914 4 per Cent. 91 New 4 per Ct. 99 Long An. 20 15-16ths 21 Aug. Total 3, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 24, London, August 26. 12 11 70 Impl. 3 per Ct. 80} South Sea Stock, 90% | Ex. Bills, 2d. £1000 64 pm. Do. £500, 8 5 pm. Do. small, 5 86 pm. Price of Irish Stocks, August 20. City Deb. 5 per Cent. 23 Prices of Foreign Stock in London, August 23. Prussian 5 per Cent. Bonds 891 Columbian 6 per Cent. Bonds 86 Danish 5 per Cent. Bonds 89 QUERIES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 1. On Terror and Love. M. J. asks, Which is the more calculated to restrain the sinful passions, and promote grateful devotion; a contemplation of the terrors of judgment, or a believing view of the love and grace of the Saviour? 2. Cæsar and Alexander. M. J. likewise asks, Are the recorded actions of Julius Cæsar more entitled to our respect and esteem, than those of Alexander the Great? 3. On Sermons. M. J. also asks, Are written or extempore sermons calculated to produce the greater good? 4. Mahometan Superstitions. Ardelio would be obliged to any correspondent who will furnish a concise, yet pointed, exposure of Mahometan superstitions. 5. On the term "Reverend." A correspondent asks, What is the origin of the term "Reverend?” when was it first used? and to whom is it exclusively applicable? COMMERCIAL REPORT, LIVERPOOL, 24th AUGUST, 1822. IN times like the present, the reporter has little else to do, than to place before his readers the mere details of transactions which have come to his notice. The actual state of commerce in this port offers few incidents besides those of daily occurrence. It cannot be denied that the trade of this port is still carried forward on a large scale, yet it is problematical whether there are sufficient remunerating profits to the merchant; and a glance at the subsequent quotations will evince the propriety of the remark. During the last month, the imports of Cotton have been upwards of 36,000 packages-the sales, about 32,000. The market is now lower than at any period during the present season, and still there is a tendency to decline. During the week, an unusual degree of flatness has prevailed, the holders have been anxious sellers. At the public sales yesterday, there was a thin attendance of buyers, and but little disposition to purchase, consequently a great proportion of the Cotton was withdrawn.-The sales which were effected went off at lower rates. The transactions by private and public, amount to 5363 bags-by private treaty, the transactions consist of 81 to 91 7 to 7 Of the future currency of the market generally, nothing favourable can be stated. Muscovado Sugar-Brown_descriptions continue still very dull. Dry Brown Jamaica brought 49s.; good 74s.; dry Brown Demerara 48s. 6d. to 49s.; and good 70s. to 71s. 6d. The quantity sold this week is 900 casks. In Coffee, there is little alteration. The only sales are in good and fine middling Jamaica, at 131s. to 135s. per cwt. Rum. The sales this week are 190 puncheons of fine Jamaica, at 2s. 3d. to 2s.5d. per gallon, for 16 O. P.; and 20 puncheons of Demarara, at 2s. 3d. per gallon. The demand for Tobacco is languid, and our stocks are very ill assorted. The market is nearly cleared of Rice: about 100 casks have been disposed of at 15s. 6d. for good old, and 18s. per cwt. for fine. Dye Woods. Some parcels of Logwood have been sold from £8. to £8. 2s. 6d. for Jamaica ; and £9. for Campeachy. 100 tons of Cuba Fustic were sold off the Quay, at £8. 15s. to £8. 17s. 6d. per ton. Solid Nicaragua Wood being scarce, brought £35. to £40. and is now held at higher rates. There have been no sales of Buenos Ayres Hides; the cargoes of three vessels just arrived, not being landed. High prices are expected, as heavy leather has actually advanced from its scarcity, since the duty was diminished. Foreign Oak Bark comes forward very freely, and sells readily at £6. 10s. per ton for German, and £7. 10s. per ton for Dutch. Yellow-Candle Tallow sells at 39s. Fish Oils are dull. For Rape and Linseed Oils there is a fair demand. Small sales continue to be made in Palm Oil, at £25. per ton. The import of Timber from British America thus far, exceeds 1 millions of feet; so great a supply arriving altogether, has thrown down the market, and sales can scarcely be effected on any terms. Several public sales have been attempted, at which 19d. and 193d, were the highest rates obtainable for Mirimachi. Deals go off more readily: Memel at £18. and Quebec at £13. 10s. to £14. per standard hundred. Our Corn market is greatly depressed; there is little possibility of effecting sales on any terms, and the nominal prices still continue to give way. On the 20th, 18,000 bushels of Irish Wheat, of the growth of 1820-21, were brought to auction: of the former a part was sold at 4s. 6d. to 5s. per bushel of 70lb.; and of the latter 6000 bushels of inferior quality at 3s. 2d. to 4s. per bushel. In Bonded Flour and Grain, there have been no sales. LONDON: PRINTED AT THE CAXTON PRESS, BY H. FISHER. THE Imperial Magazine ; OR, COMPENDIUM OF RELIGIOUS, MORAL, & PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE. ост.] "SOCIAL REFINEMENT HAS NO EXISTENCE WHERE LITERATURE IS UNKNOWN." [1822. THE PHYSICAL AND MORAL WORLD. or principle of right and wrong, in the more general sense, as it applies to No. 10. Of the Passions, and of Moral taste, or matters of mere fancy or opinion, predominates in the mind at the time. Evil. HAVING in the three preceding numbers completed, as briefly as we could, our account of the animal and intellectual faculties, we are aware it may still be asked, " But the passions! the passions! What do you make of the passions? Man, it is admitted, is a being that can think, and reason, and contrive, and imitate; but is this all the account you would give of him? The passions, the passions, what is become of the passions? As we formerly said of instinct, so may we now say of passion. "Instinct being thus a child of sensation, we may conclude, a priori, that all animated nature capable of feeling, will be subjects of instinct; and that instinct is something all animals have in common, which, through the medium of sensation, operates by some general, but irresistible laws in their system, since without obeying their dictates, the animal creation could not subsist." In like manner here, passion being thus a child, partly of sen Well, as we formerly remarked, What is instinct? so we now resume the question, and ask, What is pas-sation, and partly of reason, we may sion? And, as formerly, of instinct, we asked, "Is it feeling, or is it action?" so now, of passion, we put a similar question, "Is it thought, or is it reason?" And as we formerly observed of instinct, that it is neither feeling simply, nor action simply; so now we observe in like manner of passion, that it is neither thought alone, nor reason alone. But, on account of man, in whom the passions reside, being a compound of the animal and rational faculties, passion seems to be a combination made up of the whole four; and answers the same purposes in man, considered as a rational being, which instinct does in brutes. So that it may with propriety be said, that it is feeling producing action, and thought producing a kind of ratiocination; but ratiocination only of a certain kind,-leading irresistibly to the obedience of certain laws, or rather to the obtaining of certain objects, which every man passionately pursues as his chief good." This seems to be the province of the passions, and, according to this view, it is evident that the whole class of the passions, whether good or bad, may be constantly, alternately, and reciprocally, called into action according as the moral or immoral principle, No. 45-VOL. IV. conclude, a priori, that all animated and rational being capable of feeling and reasoning, will be subjects of passion; and that passion is something all have in common, which, through the medium of sensation and reason, operates by some general, but irresistible laws in their system, since without obeying their dictates, the rational creation could not subsist in its rational state. And accordingly we perceive, that wherever passion directed by reason has no existence at all, the man is more stupid than the brute; and on the other hand, wherever passion is allowed to gain the ascendency over reason, the actions of that person, so long, and in as far as he is under its influence, are not the actions of a man, strictly speaking, neither are they the actions of a brute; but they are those of a kind of demon, firebrands and fury being exhaled with every breath. Thus is nature, in all her operations, most pointedly scrupulous to keep every order of beings in its own sphere. Nor is it possible for her to be more pointed in this respect than are the sacred oracles; many thousand instances of which we could adduce, were it necessary. The reader will now observe, that, 3 L as our doctrine of sensation and instinct, formerly stated, renders the external and internal modes of animation, maintained amidst a cloud of darkness, by our author and the physiologists, altogether unnecessary and abortive; so in like manner does our doctrine of the passions, now laid down, render what he styles the active and passive mode of intelligence, and all the mighty fabric he so industriously builds upon it, without any solidity or foundation. Thus have we finished, in the most succinct and perspicuous manner we were able, the grand scale of Intelligence, in its three most wonderful steps, as it respects the Intelligence of God himself-of angels-and of men. Far be it from us, however, to pretend that we have exhausted the subject. If we have only afforded some additional glimmerings, and opened a new method, through the instrumentality of our author, to render further approximations easy-this is all that we lay claim to. The six steps of the great scale being thus finished, we are now prepared to enter on the seventh and last step, which is the great Moral scale; or scale of Physical and Moral Good and Evil. And in order to treat this step in as perspicuous a manner as possible, it will be necessary to take a glance, in the first place, of what the scripture says of the invisible state of eternity. Our author, all at once enters deeply into this subject; plunging, as it were, into this boundless ocean. Here he beholds a state, from the various adumbrations of scripture, 2 Cor. xii. 2, 4. Rev. xxi. 3, 10, 18, 22, &c. at once marked with ideas of perfect beauty, symmetry, regularity, harmony, splendour, glory, centrical position, exaltation, commanding influence, stability, radiation of light, limitation or fencing in. These allegorical representations, he observes, are connected in figure with the central step of the great scale or seven-fold mystery of nature, by the vegetation of the Tree of Life, and Paradise illuminated by the Divine Glory. These allegories sufficiently prove, For brevity's sake, we have had to pass over unnoticed two of these steps. See No. 8, for August, conclusion. that the state of Eternity is widely different from any thing apparent in the visible universe; for the alternation of light and darkness must obtain, wherever planetary worlds are revolving. "But there shall be no night there. And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it; for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof. And the nations of them that are saved shall walk in the light of it; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light; and they shall reign for ever and ever." As light and darkness belong to the first step of the scale of the universe, so do attraction and repulsion to the second; which, by contrast, produce the centripetal and centrifugal forces in the laws of motion, by which means the revolving orbs are made to approximate nearer to, or to recede to a greater distance from, their centre of gravity. And even where the motions are exactly circular, there must needs be an alternate proximity and distance, relative to the sun, in every spot of a planet's surface, as it turns on its axis; and where the orbits are elliptical, a vicissitude of Aphelion and Perihelion, and many other irregularities, must needs be produced. Now, all these are inconsistent with the figurative imagery of the eternal state; so that the visible universe must be temporal and transitory; "heaven and earth shall pass away." What a luminous view of this sublime subject does this admirable hint suggest? We have heard it often spoken of; and many pious and wellmeaning people have spent their strength in telling us, "That there shall be a new heaven and a new earth;" but never one till this moment has been able as it were to demonstrate the point, from the clear and perspicuous allegorical representations of scripture, which now appear as evident as the sun at noon-day. This great discovery, shall we call it, has been reserved for Mr. Macnab; and we think it indeed somewhat remarkable, that all the bodies of this visible universe, which constitute that heaven and earth which shall pass away, are, in their very figure or form, to say nothing of their restless motion, so essentially different from that which is stationary and eternal. All these, | 66 But it may be remarked, that sleep is not only that which distinguishes the state of probation from the state of eternity, but that it is a symbol of death, while death itself is yet unknown. Thus it was to Adam in Paradise. It is a temporary victory of the left or physical, over the right or spiritual side of the scale. Sleep seems to be a physical phenomenon designed to prevail universally over all the systems of the universe, which are visited with an alternation of light and darkness. Hence, says the Apostle, as a kind of proverbial expression, "They that sleep, sleep in the night." Many, if not all the different species of vegetables, obey this law, and almost all the brute creation;-and as for the beasts of prey, which roam the desarts in the dark, and turn day into night, or the midnight balls and bacchanalian revels among the human species; such phenomena, whether among men or brutes, are by no means natural, nor had they the smallest place in the original constitution of God's universe. For throughout the universe, in its original state, it is proverbially true, “They that sleep, sleep in the night.” This is the agreeable period which nature has allotted to recruit their exhausted spirit; and where innocence exists, to follow Nature's laws is the grand concern. as if made for motion, and motion, as slept while yet in perfect innocence if indicative of their end, appear in a | and happiness, Gen ii. 21. spherical shape. But not so the New heaven and New earth, for which we look according to his promise. This is connected with the type or representation, not of the circle, but of the square. | The figure of the New Jerusalem, | which John saw descending from God out of heaven, was not that of a sphere or globe, but of a cube or square; denoting at once, that it is designed not for motion, or for a temporary and transitory state, like all the bodies of this visible universe; but for a state fixed and permanent, and built upon the immoveable foundation which God hath laid in Zion. The vicissitudes observed in the first and second of the scale, throughout the visible universe, suggest, by analogy, corresponding vicissitudes in the sixth and seventh. Thus, in the physical side of the scale, step first, the intensity of light shed upon a body, may be diminished by elongation of the distance, or intercepted by the chemical nature of the body itself; that is to say, it may be diminished by phenomena belonging to the second, or intercepted by phenomena belonging to the third of the scale. Even so, in the spiritual side of the scale, the effulgence of divine light or glory, which is emblematically represented by the natural light, on the soul of a being like man, may be diminished by ignorance, or intercepted by the animal nature of an imbodied spirit; that is to say, it may be diminished by pheno mena belonging to the sixth or intellectual, or intercepted by phenomena belonging to the fifth or animal steps of the scale. But this diminution or interception of the divine light or glory, through the unavoidable ignorance or weakness of the animal nature, of the creature on whom it is shed, argues no degree of wrong in the moral, of falsehood in the intellectual, | or of pain in the animal part of its constitution. All this might take place in a state of perfect innocence and purity. For the state of diminution and interception alluded to, is that of sleep, or any thing analogous to it among perfect beings; for Adam In the first or Elemental, In the second or Mechanical, In the third or Chemical, | | | Our author proceeds to give a beautiful delineation of sleep and dreaming ; but in this we shall not follow him, but rather attend to what he says in the next article, as being more connected with our subject. "Thus, anterior to his transgression, we see that man was figuratively admonished of death; and the same admonition is given once a day to the inhabitants of every other world in the universe, wherever the rays of light are intercepted by opaque masses.” Art. 261. He had formerly remarked, Art. Attraction and Repulsion. Theory, Art. 256–260. |