quiet, and that the number of arrests upon that day have been much fewer than formeily. This law also shows that a healthy reaction is setting in against the lax observance of the Sabbath which has become most painfully noticeable of late years, especially in the western part of our country where the foreign element largely predominates. It is high time not only that the liquor traffic should be stopped on Sunday, but also that the unnecessary sale of many other articles upon that day should cease. That drug | stores should remain open on Sunday so that medicines needful for the sick may be procured, nobody will deny; but their sale of cigars, tobacco, and soda water upon that day is just as reprehensible as the sale of liquor or of any other article on the Sabbath. If the sacredness of the Christian Sabbath is not to become a thing of the past, the pulpit and the religious press must come to the rescue and create a more healthy public sentiment in regard to these things. The Sabbath is one of the chief bulwarks of the Christian religion, and any infringement on its sacredness is a blow at the cause of religion. Let Christians everywhere unite to prevent the secularization of their holy day. EDITOR'S NOTE-BOOK. We are prepared to supply back numbers of the present volume of THE CHAUTAUQUAN. Read the prospectus of the "Chautauqua Periodicals," in this number, for the year 1882-3. We make a special combination offer, which will be good till July 20th, next. Members of the class of 1882, together with all members of the C. L. S. C., will find the Required Readings for 1881 and 1882 completed in this number of THE CHAUTAUQUAN. We have crowded our columns to accommodate all those members who desire to finish the course and graduate this year. The Cochet and Landreau claims have been making a sensation in the political arena lately. What they are, is explained by Senator H. W. Blair, before the Congressional investigating committee, as follows: Rice: I want to know upon what you, as a lawyer, base a favorable judgment upon the validity of the Cochet claim. Answer: The guano of Peru was worthless to her until, through the effort and discoveries of Cochet, the guano became known as a fertilizer, and an object of commerce, and source of immense wealth to Peru. Landreau discovered this guano where it was not before known to exist. Cochet discovered by analysis the value of guano. As to the fact that some compensation should be made for these discoveries, I think any fair mind would assent. As to the amount, I do not assume to say. Mr. John F. Slater, of Norwich, Conn., while in the prime of life, has given a million dollars for the Christian education of the colored people of the Southern States. It is a humane, patriotic, and Christian act. The Rev. Joseph Cook has been sojourning in India studying men and institutions, heathen philosophy and religion. | The leaders of the New Dispensation have explained their views to him. At his lecture in the Town Hall, in Calcutta, the audience could not be accommodated in the building. Hundreds of people were obliged to stand during the hour and a half of his lecture. He assured India that Christianity had come to stay and that the mental seclusion of the country had been broken up forever. Mr. Cook is sure of a good hearing when he returns to this country. Chaplain McCabe, a Methodist, an eloquent speaker, and a charming singer, and who is to be at Chautauqua in August, was presenting the claims of the church extension cause in Malone, N. Y., recently, when he received the following from ex-Vice President Wheeler: MALONE, N. Y., April 17. Dear Chaplain: Please get out of this region while I have something left. To reconcile you in some measure to going, I inclose my check to your order for $1,000. Put the money into your frontier work in multiplying the fountains of Christian citizenship, and may God's blessing go with you, as mine does. When you get the country well "underbrushed," we will send out some Presbyterians and put on the finishing touches. Most cordially yours, was murdered, and the assassination of Queen Victoria attempted, and now two prominent officers of the British Government are cut down with daggers in the public park in Dublin. These are all attacks upon properly constituted government, and they point to a wrong education and a wicked spirit in certain classes of society, which must be met with other means than simply the imprisonment or execution of the criminals. A multitude of hardened characters are secreted back of these crimes and criminals, who are disseminating pernicious doctrines. How to reach and reform them is the problem of existing civilizations. Mr. F. J. Furnival says that George Eliot felt the symbolism of gems, while Shakspere felt that of flowers. "Her works," says he, "were an indictment of men in favor of women. Men, with her, were drift logs. All Shakspere's heroes had a feeling of God." Thirty-one tourists are on their way around the world in a steam yacht. They started from England in October, and reached San Francisco about a week ago, having visited the Mediterranean ports and the Pacific islands. The entire trip will last ten months. The passengers are of both sexes, and each pays $2,500, for which they enjoy excellent fare, the use of a steam launch while in harbors, a band of music aboard, good medical attendance, and a large library. The New York Herald, in an editorial on musical instruments in a certain church which proscribes them, has this to say: "The cornet can blow the devotional spirit out of a large congregation in about five seconds, and some church organs are about as bad." This may seem almost irreverent, but it may suggest to some churches the wisdom of never using a cornet in a church service unless you have an accomplished player, and that the organ is more devotional when quiet, than it is when a poor player is mutilating a good tune. Both instruments, in the hands of good musicians, may add materially to the attractiveness, interest, and beauty of the service. "Arbor Day," and "Tree Planting Day." This is a new custom adopted by Governor Jerome, of Michigan, and Governor Foster, of Ohio. The object is to set apart one day in every year when the people shall plant forest trees by the roadsides, in groves about their homes, in towns and cities, and they recommend the formation of forestry societies in towns and villages. This is a practical idea for local circles of the C. L. S. C. phia, has given notice of its willingness to purchase cocoons from all parts of the country. Many persons in the South and West have raised cocoons, but have been unable hitherto to find a market for their product. Russia's race-hatred against the Jews is sending a mass of this nomadic people to our shores. The race-hatred of the United States against the Chinese will prevent their emigrating to our country. This is a good illustration of the law of action and reaction. The same spirit is at work in Russia and America. But the reaction is likely to hurt our own country in the future quite as much as it will Russia. Twenty years will tell the story. The attempt to make the Rev. Dr. Newman Smyth Professor of the Abbott Chair of Theology in the Andover Theological School, has excited a great deal of discussion of theology-style of preaching in the pulpit, and style of teaching in the recitation room. The Advance, of Chicago, puts it thus: "To imply that because he does not preach to popular Walt Whitman characterizes Emerson, in the Critic, as audiences in a precise, formal, scientific, or Dr. Dryasdust"a just min, poised on himself, all-loving, all-enclosing, fashion, therefore he can not teach theology, is absurd. Other professors of theology, alive or dead, could poorly stand the test of profundity and precision, if applied to their ordinary pulpit efforts, both before and after election to chairs of theology. Alas for Dr. Smyth! His error was to print his discourses." Emerson, the Concord philosopher, used often to walk out to Sleepy Hollow Cemetery and there cheerfully and quaintly talk of the spot where he was to be laid. It was especially pleasant to him to think of the beautiful great pine which was to wave its branches above him. His grave lies beside those of Hawthorne and Thoreau. The Boston Journal gives the details of a very important musical and literary enterprise. Dr. Eben Tourjee and the directors of the New England Conservatory of Music have purchased the St. James Hotel, opposite Franklin Square, at the South End, and will expend $700,000 in the purchase of the building and the changes necessary to make it the headquarters of the New England Conservatory of Music. It is proposed to furnish instruction not only in all branches of music, but in literature and other branches of knowledge. Preparations for this great work have for a long time been making, and its consummation is confidently announced for September. It is proposed to refit the present hotel building, and to erect on an adjoining tract of land a building to contain a hall of 1,500 sittings, together with other inside and outside alterations and improvements. In one department of the establishment will be a five-manual organ; on the second floor and above will be rooms for the accommodation and board of 550 students, ladies exclusively, who come to the Conservatory from other parts of the country. The other departments will be for resident pupils, as well as for those boarding in the building, and one of the principal instructors in the Royal Academy of Music, at London, and another from Stuttgart, have already been engaged, and negotiations are pending with other leaders in various branches of education. The Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle will be one feature of literary instruction, Dr. Vincent having been engaged to lecture and direct that branch. There are now 951 students from the thirty-eight states receiving instruction at the present quarters of the Conservatory. These rooms will be retained, and instruction to such resident students as wish will be there given. An old lady, who had no relish for modern church music, was expressing her dislike of the singing of an anthem in a certain church, when a neighbor said: "Why, that is a very old anthem. David sang it to Saul." To this the old lady replied: "Weel, weel, I noo for the first time understan' why Saul threw his javelin at David, when the lad sang for him." The Women's Silk Culture Association of the United States, the headquarters of which are located in Philadel and sane and clear as the sun." It is the design of the Methodist Episcopal Church to own and control the religious papers which circulate among Methodist people. In a certain way the plan is a success. But there is a significant sign of the times in the springing up of independent Methodist papers all through this church, edited by Methodist ministers. In New England two independent papers, Zion's Herald and The New England Methodist, contend for the ground, The Methodist in New York, and in Philadelphia The Christian Standard and Home Journal and The Philadelphia Methodist, The Conference News, at Harrisburg, etc., etc. They are competing with the church periodicals and in some instances they are dividing the patronage. Of course there is no law to prevent this independent action. The regular papers hold a vantage ground of age and prestige that the others must win; besides they have the most money, which, if they are wise, they will use to make the very best religious weekly papers issued in the country; and thus hold the ground they have gained. The great C. L. S. C. day will be the 12th of August next. The class of '82 will graduate. Dr. Vincent says: "It will be the golden day in the history of Chautauqua." There will be a procession, banners and flags will float in the breeze; music, with its rare and weird strains, will enchant the multitudes. Eloquence will be a feature of the programme. Dr. Vincent, we apprehend, will have reached a mountain-top in his journey of life, and Bishop Warren, one of the counselors of the C. L. S. C., and President L. Miller, will be with him. They will both speak, and others will follow. The Chautauqua salute will come in appropriately. The largest class that ever graduated from any institution in one year on this continent, will receive diplomas. The C. L. S. C. will be obliged to keep open doors after that, for everybody will want to join. The editor of THE CHAUTAUQUAN will be in the ranks, and graduate with the class of '82. Carlyle once said of Froude, that he was the best read man he ever met. Lieutenant De Long and his comrades are dead. This is the sad news that Engineer Melville telegraphs to the Secretary of the Navy at Washington. The dreadful Siberian winter overcame the gallant commander and crew of the Jeannette, and they fell victims to the spirit of adventure and love of a good cause. What we shall ultimately gain by this exposure of men to suffering and death in our attempts to reach the North Pole, is a question which it would be well for Mr. Bennett and explorers to ponder. It is evident to some wise men at least, that the old methods of travel to that unexplored region are failures. In proof of this, several attempts have been made and none have viewed the land. What next? On C. L. S. C. Commencement Day, August 12, a letter places on the earth, but toward what is known as the "magwill be read from the poet John G. Whittier. Tennyson is fond of the seashore; but not much so. The lights are too bright and the mood is too even. He likes drowsy, brown autumn hillsides, somnolent sheep, and deep, dark inland lakes, not easily accessible or too near. Sheep are his especial pets, and he likes to lie in a high-backed chair, smoking a pipe while he looks at them. 1 netic pole." This point is where the magnetic needle would cease to indicate direction, but its north end would be attracted downward. All points north of this place the north end of the needle would be attracted in a southerly direction. Q. Would you kindly give your opinion as to whose edition of Shakspere is the most desirable to purchase, and whose edition is used by leading actors? A. Actors, like others, have their individual preferences. In regard to the best edition we give the following answer to the same question in the "Home Interests" column of the New York Tribune: "In answer to the question, which many have asked, we reprint the substai.ce of a correspondence with the late Dr. Ripley and Mr. William Winter, given in this column three years ago, when this question was submitted to them. Mr. Winter says: 'My favorite edition is Charles Knight'sthe Pictorial-but Barry Cornwall's, Hudson's, White's, the old Boston edition of Phillips & Sampson, the Cambridge edition, published by Cassel, Petter & Galpin, are all good. The most trustworthy is the Variorum, now passing The Brooklyn Clerical Union, which is composed of a number of Brooklyn preachers, was entertained on Saturday, the 6th of May, by the Rev. W. F. Crafts, of the Church of Christian Endeavor, in his house at 184 Hewes street, Brooklyn. There was a Scriptural menu at each plate, which read as follows: "What we shall eat and what we shall drink." | "Spread a cloth and put thereon the dishes and the bowls and the bread." Numbers iv., Lev. viii., 31. Soup, Esau's "Pot of Message." "Boiled Fish," Luke xxiv., 42. Roasts, "Fatted Calf," Luke xv., 23. Roast lamb and bitter herbs, Ex. xii., 8. Vegetables, “The cucumbers," Numbers xi., 5. "Bitter herbs," Ex. xii., 8. "Olives," Mi. vi., 15. "Husks," Luke xv., 16. Desert, mish mish. "Apples of gold." Con- | through the press in Philadelphia. It might be best to refections, damascene. Drinks, water, Judges iv., 19. Sherbet, coffee. There was a waitress dressed as a woman of Athens, and another dressed as a Roman woman. There was also at man servant dressed in a Joseph's coat of many colors. Mish mish is composed of rice and apricots. Damascene is a confection of figs, raisins, walnuts, and almonds, chopped up and pressed. The sherbet was made of orange juice and attar of roses. A portrait of Dred Scott, the negro whose name is coupled with the famous Supreme Court decision which sent him back to slavery, has been presented to the Missouri Historical Society, by the widow of Theodore Barnum, who purchased Scott's manumission, and it now hangs upon the wall next to the portrait of Thomas H. Benton. We issue 50,000 copies of the CHAUTAUQUA ASSEMBLY HERALD as advance numbers, containing the Chautauqua programme, etc., for the coming season. We will send, in July, a copy of the June ASSEMBLY HERALD to every subscriber to THE CHAUTAUQUAN. EDITOR'S TABLE. [We solicit questions of interest to the readers of THE CHAUTAUQUAN to be answered in this department. Our space does not always allow us to answer as rapidly as questions reach us. Any relevant question will receive an answer in its turn.] Q. Who was the Great Elector? A. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, and founder of the Prussian monarchy; born in 1620, died in 1688. Q. What is the character and aim of the Kensington Museum at London? A. Its object is the promotion of art and science by means of the systematic training of competent teachers. It founds schools of art, holds public examinations, distributes prizes, establishes art libraries, and purchases and exhibits objects of art. Among its professors and directors are the most distinguished savants of England. The government gives it annually 300,000 pounds sterling. Q. Will you please explain in THE CHAUTAUQUAN what is meant by the "North Magnetic Pole," in the March number of THE CHAUTAUQUAN, page 355? A. The magnetic needle does not point due north at all fer the question to Dr. Ripley. He is a scholar and a ripe and good one, and would give the best of counsel.' Dr. Ripley writes: 'I agree with Mr. Winter that the most desirable English edition of Shakspere for everyday wear is that of Knight, (revised edition, 1867). Of American editions, which are more accessible and practical than the English, Verplanck's (3 vol., 8vo, New York, 1847) is excellent, but, as more original and more recent, I should give the preference to Hudson's (11 vols., 12mo, Boston, 18501857), and to Grant White's (12 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1857-1862). There are several other good editions, but for the average American these, I think, bear the palm.'' Q. Could one study mathematics without an instructor? If so, how would you advise to begin and what books would you recommend? A. Certainly. One can pursue almost any study without an instructor. Teachers are helpful but not wholly necessary. To rely on one's self, and get knowledge by self-exertion alone, is not without many decided advantages to the student. Begin at the place you are prepared for, using any of the excellent text-books now to be obtained, and plod on. Be sure you clearly and fully master every principle as you go, and bear in mind that there is no royal way to knowledge. Q. As water boils at 2120 F., under ordinary atmospheric pressure, and at a much lower temperature (e. g., that of the hand) in vacuo, would the sensation be the same if the finger could be introduced, as if thrust into the former? If so, please give the philosophy of it. A. Water boils at 2120 F., under a pressure of fifteen pounds per square inch. If the pressure be increased, the temperature of the boiling point will be increased, and a decrease of pressure will cause the water to boil at a much lower temperature. Now it is heat that causes the sensation of pain when the hand is introduced into boiling water, and if the heat be reduced to the minimum the cause of the sensation is no longer present, hence the water boiling at 0° will affect the nerves in the same way as water at 0° under fifteen pounds pressure. Q. What caused, and when and where occurred the "Peasants' War?" A. The name is applied to a formidable insurrection of peasants in central and southern Germany which accompanied the reformations of Luther and Zwingli. The peasants longed for civil as well as religious liberty. It was put down with great difficulty by the German princes. Luther, deprecating the idea of political revolution, sided with the latter. Q. Will you please give in the next CHAUTAUQUAN the names of the so-called "Seven Wonders of the World?" A. The Egyptian Pyramids, the Mausoleum erected by Artemisia, the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, the Walls and Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Colossus at Rhodes, the statue of Jupiter Olympus, and the Pharos or Watch Tower of Alexandria. Q. By what nation was paper money first used? A. Sir John Malcolm, the historian, says that the use of paper money was tried, but without success, by the Chinese under the first Mongol dynasty, (1279-1368 A. D.) Q. Can you tell me the origin of the expression, "A Ro land for an Oliver?" A. Roland, a hero-knight of the court of Charlemagne, and Oliver, his devoted friend, were, with the king's warriors, decoyed into the pass of Ronceveaux, and then attacked by three Saracen armies. Whilst performing prodigies of valor, Roland was accidentally and fatally wounded by Oliver, who had already received his death-wound, and was blinded by his own blood. Hence the expression. LAKESIDE, OHIO. The Sunday-school Encampment, at Lakeside, near Sandusky, Ohio, will this year be conducted by the Superintendent of Instruction at Chautauqua, Dr. J. H. Vincent, assisted by his brother, Rev. B. T. Vincent, who will have charge of the Normal Department, and the principal charge of the Encampment. Rev. N. B. C. Love will have charge of the Intermediate Department; Mrs. W. F. Crafts, of Brooklyn, N. Y., of the Primary Teachers' Department; Mrs. B. T. Vincent of the Children's Class, and Prof. C. C. Case, of Chicago, of the music. The Encampment opens on Wednesday evening, July 19, and closes on Monday, July 31. Among the attractions announced are the following names: Wallace Bruce, Esq., Prof. W. C. Richards, Hon. George R. Wendling, Rev. W. F. Crafts, Bishop Henry W. Warren, Prof. W. F. Sherwin, Rev. A. H. Gillet, Signor Guiseppe Vitale, Rev. W. H. Pearce, of Akron, and Rev. C. H. Stocking, D. D., of Detroit. Invitations have also been extended to Bishop Simpson, Q. Of what religious denomination is H. W. Beecher? Of Dr. T. De Witt Talmage, Elder L. L. Carpenter, of Indiana, what, also, is Spurgeon? A. Beecher is a Congregationalist, Spurgeon a Baptist. Q. Will you name the three most able ministers of the gospel in the world? A. Impossible. We would offend a thousand, at least, with their hosts of friends and admirers, if we attempted it. Q. What is the meaning of saying "To the manor born?" I have seen it quoted lately "to the manner born," which is correct? A. The phrase is properly understood by interpreting the words of it literally. The latter form occurs in Hamlet, act I, scene 4. Q. What four noted historical paintings are in the rotunda of the capitol at Washington, and by whom were they painted? A. Reference is doubtless made to those by John Trumbull: "The surrender of Cornwallis," "Resignation of General Washington at Annapolis," "Declaration of Independence," and the "Surrender of Burgoyne." GEOLOGICAL DIAGRAMS. Our geological diagrams, prepared under the direction of Prof. A. S. Packard, Jr., of Brown University, and published by the Providence Lithograph Company, are at last finished. There are ten of them. They are 26x35 inches in size, artistically executed, scientifically accurate, marvelously cheap. The diagrams are accompanied by a volume of 127 pages, by Prof. A. S. Packard, Jr., entitled: "First Lessons in Geology." This volume may be ordered separately or in connection with the diagrams. It is charmingly written, so simple that a child can understand it, and will be placed as the first "required" book in the course of reading in the C. L. S. C. for 1882-3. The diagrams are not "required," but will greatly facilitate the study of Geology. They may be ordered by Local Circles, "Triangles," families, individual students, churches, and Sunday-schools. The cost of the diagrams, including one volume of the 'First Lessons in Geology," is $6.00. When ordered by a member of the C. L. S. C. that fact being stated in the order), the diagrams and book will be sent at $5.00. The price of the "First Lessons in Geology," by itself, will be 50 cts. All orders for the diagrams and book must be sent to Phillips & Hunt, 805 Broadway, N. Y., or Walden & Stowe, Cincinnati or Chicago. Give special attention to the fact that if the order is made by a member of the C. L. S. C., the diagrams will be sent for $5.00; otherwise the price will be $6.00. Dr. Barnitz, and others. CHAUTAUQUA NEWS FOR 1882. The gate fees at Chautauqua the coming season will be: JULY. From July 8 to 29, the admission will be: For one day, 25 cents; for one week, $1.00; for the month, $2.00. AUGUST. From July 30 to close of Assembly, the admission fee will be: For one day, 40 cents; for one week, $2.00; for one month, or during the Assembly, $3.00. For the two months, July and August, $4.00. THE GREAT DAYS AT CHAUTAUQUA, 1882. Saturday, July 29, Midseason Celebration; Opening C. F. M. I. Monday, July 31, Anniversary C. F. M. I. Tuesday, August 1, GRAND OPENING DAY OF THE AN NUAL ASSEMBLY. Thursday, August 3, Missionary Day. Saturday, August 5, Memorial Day C. L. S. C., 1878-1882. Tuesday, August 8, Temperance Day. Wednesday, August 9, Denominational Day, and LookUp Legion Anniversary Day. Thursday, August 10, Chautauqua Alumni Reunion; Illuminated Fleet: Class Vigil, 1883. Saturday, August 12, C. L. S. C. Memorial (St. Paul's) Day; FIRST COMMENCEMENT OF THE C. L. S. C.; Annual Camp-Fire. Tuesday, August 15, First Anniversary of the Chautauqua School of Theology. Wednesday, Aug. 16, Annual Competitive Examinations. Saturday, August 19, Children's Day; Bonfire, etc. FIRST COMMENCEMENT DAY C. L. S. C. The golden day in all the history of Chautauqua will be the "First Commencement of the C. L. S. C.," Saturday, August 12, 1882. The whole day will be given up to C. L. S. C. celebrations. Services will be held in the Hall of Philosophy, in St. Paul's Grove, and also in the Amphitheater. Dr. J. H. Vincent, Superintendent of Instruction of the C. L. S. C., will preside. The Commencement Oration will be delivered by Bishop Henry W. Warren. D. D., one of the counselors of the C. L. S. C. Subject: "Brain and Heart." The Chautauqua Songs will be rendered by the C. L. S. C. Glee Club. The new and elegant banner, presented by a lady in Ohio, will be unfurled. "The Story of Our Banner" will be told by the Rev. A. D. Vail, D. D., of New York City. [A portion of the material used in the constructing of this banner was borne by Dr. Vail, and unfurled in the principal educational and sacred centers, ancient and modern, in Europe, Asia, and Africa: Alexandria, Heliopolis, the Great Pyramid, the Red Sea, Sinai, Jerusalem, Damascus, Beyrout, Smyrna, Constantinople. Athens, Rome, Florence, Venice, Milan, Geneva, Heidelberg, Bonn, Paris, London, Oxford, Stratford-on-Avon, Rugby, and Edinburgh.] Brief addresses will be delivered during the day by Lewis Miller, Esq., President of Chautauqua, Lyman Abbott, D. D., one of the counselors of the C. L. S. C., John B. Gough, Esq., Dr. L. H. Bugbee, first member of the C. L. S. C., Bishop Foster, Dr. James Strong, and others. The list of graduating members will be announced. The new and elegant Diploma of the C. L. S. C. will be presented to all graduating members who are present, and mailed on that day to those who are not permitted to visit Chautauqua this season. The "Society of the Hall in the Grove" (composed of all graduates of the C. L. S. C.), will be formally organized. A special meeting will be held of the "Order of the White Seal," those graduates who have the four years' White Seal on their Diplomas. Plans for promotion in the "Order of the White Seal," and also the "League of the Round-Table," etc., will be explained. The "Athenian Watch Fires" will be lighted for the first time in St. Paul's Grove, in the evening. A Public Reception in the Hall of Philosophy, to be followed by the usual C. L. S. C. Camp Fires, will close the day. MUSIC AT CHAUTAUQUA, 1882. There will be a grand Organ Concert on Saturday, July 8, the opening day of the Teachers' Retreat and the School of Languages. Mr. GEORGE H. RYDER will himself be present and make the great pipe organ greet the multitude. During the day he will perform several organ solos. Prof. C. C. CASE, of Chicago. Prof. W. F. SHERWIN, of Cincinnati. Miss BELLE MCCLINTOCK, of Meadville, Pa., whose services at Chautauqua every season since its opening have made her a favorite with all Chautauquans. Miss ETHEL CRIPPEN, of Louisville, Ky., cordially recommended by Signor Max Maretzek. The Royal Hand-bell Ringers and Gleemen, of London, England, DUNCAN S. MILLER, Esq., Conductor. Cornetists, violinists, choice vocalists, and a chorus choir, with a new, powerful chorus-organ, built by George H. Ryder & Co., of Boston, are among the promised attractions. For a complete list of preachers, lecturers, etc., see the CHAUTAUQUA ASSEMBLY HERALD (advance number) for June, 1882. Address THEODORE L. FLOOD, Meadville, Pa. The ASSEMBLY HERALD will be issued as a daily during the Assembly, and will contain full reports of all services, lectures, sermons, etc. It costs only $1.00 for the season, and is mailed to subscribers every morning. WHAT IS A HELIOTYPE ?* The heliotype process is the application of the well-known principles of photography to the art of printing and the practice of the printin r-press. Photography is purely a chemical (or actinic) process, as the name ("writing by light") implies. Printing, on the other hand, is purely mechanical. The heliotype process is both chemical and me chanical, combining the chemical principles of photogra phy with the mechanical methods of printing. In short, the heli type process may be described as photography in the printing-press. The product of the heliotype process is called a heliotype. It is both a photograph and a print. It is a photograph mechanically produced, and it is at the same time a print having a chemical origin. The ordinary photograph is produced in evanescent materials, and will fade: the heliotype is printed with permanent ink, and can never fade. The heliotype, therefore, may be defined as a photo-mechanical print, possessing the exact features of a photograph, together with the permanent qualities of ordinary printing. *A description of the process as seen at the publishing house of J. R. Osgood & Co., Boston, Mass. To appreciate the full bearing of the heliotype process in working out its results, it is necessary to understand a little of photography, and how the ordinary photograph is made. Almost everybody has sat for a photograph, and knows that there are two steps in the process: First, obtaining the image on a glass plate by means of a camera placed in front of the subject; and, second, producing its counterpart on a sheet of paper. The glass plate is called a "negative;" its counterpart on paper is technically termed a "positive," and is what in ordinary phrase we call a "photograph." In both these steps the photographic operator is dependent on light,-both of the results are chemical. The "negative" is produced by light acting upon the sensitive material with which the glass plate in the camera is coated. As soon as chemistry has firmly fixed the light-produced image on the glass plate, the plate is placed in contact with a sheet of sensitive paper, and the action of light is again invoked to impress the image upon paper, and produce the "positive," or, as we say, “the photograph." Now, let us bear in mind an important fact; namely, that each and every one of these "positives," or "photographs," requires a fresh use of the negative and a fresh exposure to light to produce it, thus making the method of production slow, cumbrous, and uncertain. It is at this point that the heliotype process begins to think of separating itself from chemical uncertainties, and of betaking itself to the surer ground of mechanical methods. How is it to proceed then? It already has its "negative," which is taken precisely as we have described the photographic negative to be taken: what it now needs is to produce its positives by rapid and sure means. To do this, it must first procure a "positive" plate or matrix capable of mechanically producing other positives," and thus dispensing with the continued use of the "negative," and the continued use of light in every impression. We have already seen that the "negative" is made in the ordinary manner. Now we come to the preparation of the "positive" plate. Ordinary cooking gelatine forms the basis of this plate, the other ingredients being bichromate of potash and chrome alum. It is a peculiarity of gelatine, in its normal condition, that it will absorb cold water, and swell or expand under its influence, but that it will dissolve in hot water. In the preparation of a plate, therefore, the three ingredients just named, being combined in suitable proportions, is dissolved in hot water, and the solution is poured upon a level plate of glass or metal, and left there to dry. When dry, it is about as thick as an ordinary sheet of parchment, and is stripped from the drying-plate, and placed in contact with the previously-prepared "negative," and the two together are exposed to the light. The presence of the bichromate of potash renders the gelatine sheet sensitive to the action of light; and wherever light reaches it, the plate, which was at first gelatinous or absorbent of water, becomes leathery or waterproof. In other words, wherever light reaches the plate, it produces in it a change similar to that which tanning produces upon hides in converting them into leather. Now, it must be understood that the "negative" is made up of transparent parts and opaque parts; the transparent parts admitting the passage of light through them, and the opaque parts excluding it. When the gelatine plate and the "negative" are placed in contact, they are exposed to the light with the "negative" uppermost, so that the light acts through the translucent portions, and waterproofs the gelatine underneath them; while the opaque portions of the "negative" shield the gelatine underneath them from the light, and consequently those parts of the plate remain unaltered in character. The result is a thin, flexible sheet of gelatine, of which a portion is waterproofed, and the other portion is absorbent of water, the waterproofed portion being the image which we wish to reproduce. Now we all know the repulsion which exists between water and any form of grease. Printer's ink is merely grease united with a coloringmatter. It follows, that our gelatine sheet, having water applied to it, will absorb the water in its unchanged parts; and, if ink is then rolled over it, the ink will adhere only to gelatine, then, prepared as we have seen, and having had the waterproofed or altered parts. This flexible sheet of capable of being attached to the bed of an ordinary printing the image impressed upon it, becomes the heliotype plate, press, and printed in the ordinary manner. Of course, such a sheet must have a solid base given to it which will hold it firmly on the bed of the press while printing. This is accomplished by uniting it, under water, with a metallic plate, exhausting the air between the two surfaces, and attaching them by atmospheric pressure. The plate, with the print ing surface of gelatine attached, is then placed on an ordinary platen printing press, and inked up with ordinary ink. A mask of paper is used to secure white margins for the prints, and the impression is then made, and ready for issue. |
