instrument in this case has been lost, but no finding in this regard was made; however, it is clear that the instrument itself is nonnegotiable in character.

The testimony of the witness Lamme as to his knowledge of the capacity in which Edwards was acting for the American Commercial Company contained some things which were in the nature of conclusions or inferences, but these were accompanied by a statement of the facts from which the inferences were drawn, and we do not think the evidence objected to could have prejudiced appellant's case before the trial court.

[7] The demand for payment having been regularly made by Lamme at Hongkong on November 27, 1905, the damages for failure to pay are to be computed under the rule declared in subdivision one of section 3336 of the Civil Code. This would entitle plaintiff to the market value at Hongkong when payment was refused, together with interest as allowed in the judgment. Indeed, it would not have been unwarranted had the court allowed interest at seven per cent after the date of maturity of the receipt, but no complaint is made by respondent in this respect. Judgment and order affirmed.

We concur:

ALLEN, P. J.

SHAW, J.

TAGGART, J.

Crim. No. 122. Third Appellate District. April 29, 1910. THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. EDWARD HOLDEN, Defendant and Appellant.

[1] CRIMINAL LAW-ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO COMMIT ROBBERYPLEADING-INFORMATION-MANNER AND MEANS OF ASSAULT-AVERMENT UNNECESSARY.-It is not necessary for an information charging the crime of assault with intent to commit robbery to allege how or by what means the assault was made.

[2]

ID.-ID.-ID.-ID.-CHARACTER OF FORCE OR VIOLENCE—AVERMENT UNNECESSARY.-Nor it is necessary to set forth the means used to constitute force or excite fear.

[3] ID.-ID.-ID.-ID.-POSSESSION OF PERSONAL PROPERTY-AVERMENT UNNECESSARY.-Neither is it necessary to aver that the prosecuting witness was at the time of the assault in possession of personal property.

[4] ID.-ID.-ID.-ID.-CASE AT BAR-SUFFICIENT INFORMATION.—— An information charging the crime of assault with intent to rob by averring that the assault was made with force and violence and that the intent was to feloniously and by force, violence and intimidation, steal, take and carry away the money, goods and chattels of the prosecuting witness and against his will, is sufficient.

[5] ID. INSTRUCTION-PREJUDICES AND SUSPICIONS OF JURORSREFUSAL TO CAUTION AGAINST NOT PREJUDICIAL.--A refusal to particularly caution a jury that they are not to be influenced by preju dice or by their suspicions is not prejudicial where they are fully instructed that they must be governed by the evidence alone in reaching their verdict.

[6] ID.-ID.-LAW OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE-REFUSAL NOT PREJUDICIAL.-A refusal to give an instruction correctly stating the law as to circumstantial evidence is not prejudicial where full in

structions are given that the jury must be guided wholly by the evidence and convinced by it beyond a reasonable doubt.

[7] ID.-ID.-CAUTION AS TO VERBAL ADMISSIONS-INSTRUCTION PROPERLY REFUSED.-An instruction which opens with a declaration that “with respect to all verbal admissions it may be observed that they should be received with great caution", is objectionabie as being argumentative and a charge concerning matters of fact.

Appeal from the Superior Court of Placer County-N. D. Arnot, Judge.

For Appellant-L. L. Chamberlain.

For Respondent-U. S. Webb, Attorney-General; J. Charles Jones and Charles A. Tuttle.

Defendant and one Edward Hansen were jointly charged with the crime of an assault with intent to commit robbery upon one John Connolly on September 28, 1909. A demurrer to the information was overruled and defendant Holden was tried separately and found guilty as charged. A motion for a new trial was denied and defendant was sentenced to imprisonment in San Quentin for three years. He appeals from the judgment of conviction and from the order denying his motion for a new trial.

The information charges the crime of felony as follows: "Assault with intent to commit robbery, committed as follows: the said Edward Holden and Edward Hansen on or about the 28th day of September, A.D. 1909, at the said County of Placer, in the said State of California, and before the filing of this information, in and upon one John Connolly, feloniously and with force and vio lence did make an assault with intent the money, goods and chattels of the said John Connolly, from the person and immediate presence and against the will of him, the said John Connolly, then and there feloniously and by force, violence and intimidation to steal, take and carry away, contrary to the form", etc.

1. It is urged that the demurrer should have been sustained: first, because the information does not state that the prosecuting witness had any "money, goods and chattels" upon his person or in his immediate presence at the time of the alleged assault; second, that the circumstances of the assault are not set forth nor what kind of force or violence or intimidation was used. Section 220, Penal Code, provides: "Every person who assaults another with intent to commit . . robbery is punishable," etc.

Section 950. requires "a statement of the acts constituting the offense, in ordinary and concise language, and in such manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended"; and section 952, subdivision 3, provides that "the particular circumstances of the offense charged, when they are necessary to constitute a complete offense" must be stated. "Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of force or fear." (Pen. Code, sec. 211.) "An assault is an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another." (Id., sec. 240.)

The argument is that the crime charged is a composite crime (Pen. Code, sec. 220)-an assault coupled with the intent to rob being the complete offense, and hence the particular circumstances

of the offense charged must be set forth in the information and that it is not sufficient to charge the offense in the language of the statute. (Citing People v. Perales, 141 Cal. 581; People v. Mahoney, 145 Id. 104; People v. Shearer, 143 Id. 66.) People v. Perales is claimed "to be almost a parallel case". The charge there was "assault by means likely to produce great bodily injury", the means described being "with a heavy wooden stick". The court held that there was "no proper or particular designation of the means which it is claimed were used in its commission". The court laid down this rule: "Where the words or terms used in the statute have no technical or precise meaning, which of themselves imply the offense, or where the particular facts or acts which shall constitute it are not specified, but, from the general language used, many things may be done which may constitute an offense, it is then necessary, in charging an offense claimed to be embraced within the general language of the statute, to set forth the particular things or acts charged to have been done, with reasonable certainly and distinctness, so that the court may determine whether an offense within the statute is charged, or one over, which it has jurisdiction, and so that the defendant may be advised of the particular nature of it, in order to defend against it, and to plead in bar a judgment of conviction or acquittal thereof, if subsequently prosecuted." It is urged now that it is impossible "to tell whether defendant is charged with having made an assault with a weapon; whether he knocked the prosecuting witness down with his fist; whether he intimidated him by threats of prosecution for some crime by holding a loaded revolver at his heart, or an ax over his head. There is absolutely nothing to show what means or force were used to intimidate him." In People v. Weir, 10 App. Rep. 460, the information charged that the assault was made with 'deadly weapon", to-wit, a "revolver", and was held sufficient in following the language of the statute.

In the case here the crime charged is "assault with intent to commit robbery" and is unlike the Perales case, supra. [1] It was not necessary to allege how or by what means the assault was made. [2] Nor was it necessary to set forth the means used to constitute force or to excite fear. [3] Neither was it necessary to aver that the prosecuting witness was at the time in possession of personal property. Highwaymen do not first ascertain whether their victim has money or other property before attacking, and it would be unreasonable to hold that an intent to rob could not be shown without averring and showing that the victim had something of which he could be robbed. The crime consists of the assault with intent to rob. [4] The information charged that the assault was made with force and violence and also charged that the intent was to feloniously and by force, violence and intimidation, steal, take and carry away the money, goods and chattels of the prosecuting witness and against his will. The information was sufficient.

2. Defendant asked an instruction (marked 6) to the effect that the jury must be guided according to the law as given by the court. It was refused and without prejudice, for it was substantially given elsewhere.

3. Instruction marked 11 was refused and, it is claimed, to defendant's prejudice. This instruction is but an elaboration of the instruction elsewhere given that the jury must look alone to the evidence. By this is implied that they were not at liberty to act upon their "own unaided suspicions" or on account of "any prejudice they may have conceived prior to or during the trial." [5] We must assume that the jury were intelligent men and when told that they must be governed by the evidence and that only, we cannot say that they acted otherwise because not particularly cautioned not to be influenced by prejudice or by their suspicions.

4. The modification of instruction 12 by omitting a portion of it did not detract from its force or fail to distinctly state that the defendant was entitled to the individual judgment of each juror.

5. The jury were correctly and fully instructed upon what constitutes a reasonable doubt. It was not error to refuse to give it again as was asked by instruction 19.

6. Instruction 20, asked by defendant and refused by the court, correctly stated the law as to circumstantial evidence, but we do not think that the defendant was prejudiced because not given. They were many times and in various forms told that they must be guided wholly by the evidence and such instructions embraced all the evidence, direct and circumstantial. Where the case rests entirely or chiefly upon circumstantial evidence it is desirable that some direction be given the jury as to the necessity for establishing each fact, beyond a reasonable doubt, which is essential to complete the chain of circumstances tending to establish the crime charged. But we are not prepared to say that a refusal to give such an instruction would necessarily be prejudicial error, for the law makes all competent evidence admissible, whether direct or circumstantial, and leaves the jury to determine its relative weight in each case. [6] When, therefore, full instructions are given that the jury must be guided entirely by the evidence and must be convinced by it beyond a reasonable doubt, the instruction goes to both classes of evidence and it must be assumed that the jury will so apply it. Furthermore, in the present case, substantially all of the evidence of defendant's guilt was direct and there was no call for an instruction upon circumstantial evidence. Instructions 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 were along the same line and need not be further noticed.

7.

Instruction 26, asked by defendant, was properly refused. [7] It is argumentative and is an instruction concerning matters of fact. The instruction opens with the declaration that "with respect to all verbal admissions it may be observed that they should be received with great caution." In Goss v. Steiger Terra Cotia etc. Wks., 148 Cal. 135, a similar instruction was refused and the court held that it was not prejudicial error. The cases on the point are there reviewed. Instructions 27 and 29 were in substance given elsewhere. In instructions 45, 49 and 50 we discover no error.

It is suggested in the brief of the defendant that the court erred in admitting certain testimony and states that "these errors are specifically pointed out in the motion for new trial and will be dwelt upon more fully in the opening argument." There was

no oral argument and the alleged errors are not shown to us in any brief. We must assume that they have been waived.

The judgment and order are affirmed.

We concur:

CHIPMAN, P. J.

HART, J.

BURNETT, J.

Civil No. 620. Third Appellate District. April 29, 1910.

H. B. MERRYMAN and ROSE F. MERRYMAN, his Wife, Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. GEORGE KIRBY et al., Defendants and Appellants.

[1] ACTION IN EJECTMENT PLEADING-COMPLAINT SUFFICIENT AVERMENTS.-A complaint in an action in ejectment which alleges ownership and possession by plaintiffs at the time of the entry of defendants, ownership at the time of the commencement of the action, and unlawful entry by defendants and continued withholding of possession, states a cause of action.

[2] ID.-ID.-OWNERSHIP AT TIME OF COMMENCEMENT OF ACTIONDEFECTIVE COMPLAINT ANSWER-DENIAL OF SUCH OWNERSHIP-DeFECT CURED.-An averment in an answer in an action in ejectment denying that the plaintiffs "now are" or during the times thereinafter mentioned were the owners of the land involved cures any defective averment in the complaint as to ownership at the time of the commencement of the action.

[3] ID.-ID-DESCRIPTION OF LAND-RULE. The land should be so described in an action in ejectment that in the event of a recovery the officer executing the writ of possession will know to what land the plaintiff is entitled.

[4] ID.-ID.-ID.-ID.-PROPER DESCRIPTIONS.--The same may be sufficiently described by a particular name by which it is known, by its boundaries, by number, by lot and concession, by section and township or as a part of a section of a certain survey

[5] ID.-ID.-CASE AT BAR-SUFFICIENT DESCRIPTION.-A description of land in an action in ejectment as "that portion of said lot number four of said section (section 31 in township 8 N., R. 1 E., H. B. & M.) described as follows to wit: Commencing at the south-. west corner of the southeast quarter of said section 31, and running thence north two chains to a stake, thence west to where said line would intersect the westerly line of said lot four, thence southerly along the westerly line of said lot four to the southwest corner of said lot four, thence east to the place of beginning", is sufficient on its face to identify the property so that it can be located upon the ground.

Appeal from the Superior Court of Humboldt County-E. W. Wilson, Judge.

For Appellants-II. L. Ford, Adam Thompson and R. T. Devlin. For Respondents-E. M. Frost and A. J. Monroe.

The action is in ejectment and the appeal is upon the judgment roll alone from the judgment in favor of plaintiffs.

No demurrer to the complaint was interposed but the appellants now contend that the complaint states no cause of action. In this Connection it is asserted that there is no allegation as to ownership of the property at the time of the commencement of the action. Citation is made of authorities to the effect that "plaintiffs must show that at the time of the commencement of the