[3] ID.--RESOLUTION OF INTENTION-DESCRIPTION OF WORK-LIMITS OF DISTRICT.-The resolution of intention must define alike the limits of the district and the nature of the work to be done. [4]

ID.-ID.-ID.-ID.-DEFINITION OF LIMITS OF DISTRICT-ESSENTIAL. Such limits must be defined at least to a common certainty, so that a person of ordinary understanding would know what it is proposed to do.

[5] In.--In.-"INTERSECTION" OF STREETS—INSUFFICIENT DEFINITION OF LIMITS-VOID ASSESSMENT.-A resolution of intention which describes the place where the work is to be done as the "intersection" of three streets, simply defines the small triangle where the three streets extended intersect each other, and the letting of a contract for any other work under such a resolution is without the jurisdiction of the ward, and any assessment levied therefor void on its face.

[6] ID.-ASSESSMENT-WHEN VOID.-Where lots are assessed for improvements for which the city authorities have no power to assess them under any circumstances, the assessment is void on its face.

[7] ID.-ID.--CORRECTION OF VOID ASSESSMENT APPEAL TO CITY AUTHORITIES UNNECESSARY.--In case an assessment is void on its face, the owners of the assessed lots do not have to appeal to the city authorities for the correction of the assessment, but may rely upon such fact when it is attempted to enforce the assessment.

Appeal from the Superior Court of the City and County of San Francisco--Frank J. Murasky, Judge.

For Appellant-W. J. Bartnett, R. K. Barrows.

For Respondent-Alexander D. Keyes.

This action was brought to recover separate assessments against the several defendants, fifteen in number, on a street assessment for paving and curbing "the intersection of San Jose avenue, Twentyeighth and Guerrero streets", in the city and county of San Francisco. The court made findings, upon which judgment was ordered an-1 entered in favor of each of the defendants. The plaintiff made a motion for a new trial, which was denied, and this appeal is from the judgment and order.

The contract was entered into and all the preliminary proceedings taken under the act of 1885 (Stats. 1885, p. 147) commonly I called the Vrooman act, but the work was not completed, nor was the assessment issued, until the charter of San Francisco became effective. The act provides (Sec. 3) that "Before ordering any work done or improvement made which is authorized by section 2 of this act, the city council shall pass a resolution of intention so to do and describing the work

[1] The resolution of intention in due form and properly adopted is the foundation and basis upon which all further proceedings must stand. It is the essential thing which clothes the city authorities with jurisdiction to proceed with the proposed improvements. The very meaning of the word jurisdiction is power to hear and determine; and if no resolution of intention was passed substantially as required by the statute there was no power in the municipal authorities to let the contract, issue the assessment or to take any other of the various steps by which a valid lien could be created upon the adjoining lots.

In order that what is said here may be understood the following diagram is inserted, which shows the location of the land assessed and the place where the work was done:

The court found that the board of supervisors passed a resolution as follows: "Resolved, that it is the intention of the board to order the following street work in the City and County of San Francisco: that granite curbs be laid where not already laid on the intersection of San Jose Avenue, 28th and Guerrero streets, and that the readway of said intersection be paved with bituminous rock except that portion required by law to be kept in order by the railroad company having tracks thereon"; and further that this resolution was followed by a resolution, ordering the work to be done, as

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follows: "That granite curbs be laid where not already laid on the intersection of San Jose Avenue, 28th and Guerrero streets, and that the roadway of said intersection be paved with bituminous rock except that portion required by law to be kept in order by the ranroad company having tracks thereon."

The court further found that "At all of the times in the complaint mentioned the roadway of San Jose Avenue, 28th street and Guerrero street, and of the whole thereof, were, and each and every part of it was, an open public street, and duly dedicated to public use, and the width and grade thereof officially established as by law in such cases made and provided. That San Jose Avenue, 28th street and Guerrero street do not intersect; that there is no such place as the intersection of San Jose Avenue, 28th street and Guerrero street in the City and County of San Francisco."

It is claimed that the latter finding is not supported by the evidence. The diagram and plat which were annexed to the assessment, and which appears to have been used on the trial, show the relative position of the improvement and the streets; [2] and not only this, but the court had a right to take judicial notice of the streets, of their boundaries and of their relation to each other (Brady v. Page, 59 Cal. 52; Williams v. Sar, & Loan Soc., 97 Cal. 122; Labs v. Cooper, 107 Cal. 657). [3] The Act requires that the notice of intention shall describe the work, and the courts so hold (Richardson v. Heydenfeldt, 46 Cal. 68; Fay v. Reed, 128 Cal. 357; Bay Rock v. Bell, 133 Cal. 150; Piedmont Paring Co. v. Allman, 136 Cal. 88; Treanor V. Houghton, 103 Cal. 53). In the latter case it is said: "The range of the district to be included within a single improvement, and the character of the work to be performed therein within the specifications of the statute, is left to the judgment of the board. The resolution of intention must, however, define alike the limits of the district and the nature of the work to be done." Here the amits of the district were not defined or described. The only reference was to the intersection of the three streets. If we employ the word "intersection" in its broadest sense and meaning, as being the place where the three streets cross each other, or that part of the street that is common to and a part of each of the three streets, there appears from the diagram to be only a small triangle included within the three streeets, that is a small triangle north of the southerly line of 28th street extended, west of the easterly line of Guerrero street extended, and east of the westerly line of San Jose avenue, and that is a part of each of the three streets. In one sense this small triangle is where the three streets intersect or cross each each other, but the area is apparently only a few square feet and a very small part of the surface of the street upon which the work was done. If the resolution of intention described this smail triangle, it certainly could not be held to include a description of all that part of the street included within the exterior limits of the crossing of Guerrero and Twenty-eighth streets, and of all that part of the street within the exterior limits of the crossing of Twenty-eighth street and San Jose avenue, nor of that part of the street included within the exterior lines of the crossing of Guerrero street and San Jose avenue, nor of all that territory which is clearly only a part of San Jose avenue and no part of

either Guerrero or Twenty-eighth streets. A part of the street upon which the paving was done was San Jose avenue and not common to either of the other streets. Now if upon the most liberal rule we called the portion of the street which is a part of each of the three streets named the intersection of those streets, we have no resolution of intention to pave any other part of the street which was paved. If we can hold that such description includes all the parts of the streets which were paved and curbed by the plaintiff, upon the same principle we could hold that the resolution of intention described all the work if it had extended for blocks along San Jose avenue, and for blocks along Twentyeighth street and for blocks along Guerrero street. [4] We think the limits of the district must be defined at least to a common certainty so that a person of ordinary understanding would know what it is proposed to do. The plaintiff, in putting in its bid, does not appear to have had clearly in mind the amount of work called for by the resolution of intention, and to have understood that it included a much less area than that upon which the work was done, as it computed the total cost of the work by the lineal foot for curbing, and by the square foot for paving, at $650, and so stated in its bid. After it put in its bid and gave its bond for $650, it completed the work, and the city engineer computed the amount at $3,164.08, nearly five times the amount which the plaintiff evidently had in mind when it stated or computed that the total cost would be $650.

The finding is therefore supported by the evidence as applied to all the work except a small fraction which is insignificant as compared with the total area. [5] It is plain beyond controversy that the resolution of intention did not describe any place where the work was to be done other than the small triangle or intersection of the three streets.

In Partridge v. Lucas, 99 Cal. 519, it was held that the board did not have jurisdiction to make other improvements than those described in the resolution of intention. The court said: "It is plain that the work described in the resolution of intention did not include the construction of rock gutterways in the street to be macadamized. Therefore the board of trustees did not, under the rule above stated, acquire jurisdiction to contract for such gutterways, and the contract as to these is void."

In San Jose I. Co. v. Auzerais, 106 Cal. 498, it was held that where the resolution of intention described the proposed improvements as "granite or artificial stone curbing" it gave the board no jurisdiction for the reason that the work was not described. The court there said, in speaking of the resolution of intention: "By this statute the legislature has required the city council to determine the character and extent of any improvement that is to be made upon the public streets; but in the present case that body, instead of itself determining this matter, has not even designated the officer or person by whom the character of the improvement shall be determined."

It appears to be equally important that the place or places upon which the work is to be done should be described. In fact the language of section 2 of the Vrooman act that the city council may "order the whole or any portion either in length or in width of the

streets

"to be graded or paved, contemplates that the resolution of intention and the order shall designate the portion or portions of the streets to be improved.

The engineer's cer.ificate divided the locality where the paving was done into three separate parts or descriptions as follows: 1st, 255 square feet on the north half of Twenty-eighth street between San Jose avenue and Guerrero street; 2nd. 4,156 square feet on the south half of San Jose avenue; 3rd, 9.87 square feet on the remainder of the crossing. The court found that all the paving had taken place at the following places: 1st, on San Jose avenue south of the northerly line of Twenty-eighth street extended easterly; 2nd, on Twenty-eighth street between Guerrero street and San Jose avenue; 3rd, on Guerrero street south of the southerly line of Twenty-eighth street and northwest of San Jose avenue; 4th, on the crossing or intersection of Twenty-eighth and Guerrero streets.

In the assessment the work done on the third area last above mentioned is described as follows: All work except that done on the east side of San Jose avenue and on Twenty-eighth street between Guerrero street and San Jose avenue, and was assessed entirely upon the land fronting on Twenty-eighth and Guerrero streets. Under the plain provisions of the charter (Chap. 2, See 8, Stats. 1899, p. 297) the assessment should have been upoa Lots 1 to 18, being all the lots fronting on the quarter blocks and irregular blocks cornering on the intersection. For the work done on the small triangle common to Twenty-eighth street, Guerrero street and San Jose avenue, as described in the resolution of intention, it is difficult to say as to how the assessment should have been made, as this particular triangle is bounded entirely by San Jose avenue, Guerrero and Twenty-eighth streets, and there does not appear to be any blocks adjoining or quartering upon it, unless we speak of the blocks on the opposite sides of the streets as adjoining or quartering upon it.

It is the settled rule that in such case the assessment is void on its face, and the owners of the assessed lots do not have to appeal to the city council for the correction of the assessment (Ryan v. Altschul, 103 Cal. 174; Kenny v. Kelly, 113 Cal. 364; Diggins v. Brown, 76 Cal. 318; San Diego Investment Co. v. Shaw, 129 Cal. 273). In the latter case it is said: "Defendant was the owner of one of the lots on the east side, and the assessment against his lot was $51.22, being the amount with which it is sought to charge the lot in this action. Whether or not the judgment is correct depends upon the validity of the assessment so made. The city authorities have no power to assess the entire cost of grading the street on the lots on one side thereof ..

The authority to levy the assessment in this case in the manner in which it was levied is not found in the statute. Subdivision 1 of section 7 of the act expressly declares that the expenses incurred for any work authorized by the set shall be assessed upon the lots and lands fronting thereon, except as otherwise specifically provided. The cases cited by appellant are cases in which the assessment was not correctly apportioned and distributed, or where certain lands were improperly left out. In such case the owners of the lots that are properly assessed for at least a part of the work must appeal to the board of supervisors and have the assessment corrected, or they