white light at the masthead visible all round the horizon, and shall also exhibit a flare-up light or flare-up lights at short intervals, which shall never exceed 15 minutes.

On the near approach of or to other vessels they shall have their side lights lighted, ready for use, and shall flash or show them at short intervals, to indicate the direction in which they are heading, but the green light shall not be shown on the port side, nor the red light on the starboard side.

A pilot vessel of such a class as to be obliged to go alongside of a vessel to put a pilot on board, may show the white light instead of carrying it at the masthead, and may, instead of the colored lights above mentioned, have at hand ready for use a lantern with a green glass on the one side and a red glass on the other, to be used as prescribed above. Pilot vessels when not engaged on their station on pilotage duty, shall carry lights similar to those of other vessels of their tonnage.

Art. 9. Fishing vessels and fishing boats when under way and when not required by this Article to carry or show the lights therein named, shall carry or show the lights prescribed for vessels of their tonnage under way.

(a) Vessels and boats when fishing with drift nets shall exhibit two white lights from any part of the vessel where they can best be seen. Such lights shall be placed so that the vertical distance between them shall be not less than 6 feet and not more than 10 feet, and so that the horizontal distance between them, measured in a line with the keel, shall be not less than 5 feet and not more than 10 feet. The lower of these two lights shall be the more forward, and both of them shall be of such a character as to show all round the horizon, and to be visible at a distance of not less than 3 miles.

(b) Vessels when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging of an apparatus along the bottom of the sea

1. If steam-vessels, shall carry in the same position as the white light mentioned in Article 2 (a), a tricolored latern so constructed and fixed as to show a white light from right ahead to 2 points on each bow, and a green light and a red light over an arc of the horizon from 2 points on either bow to 2 points abaft the beam on the starboard and port side respectively; and not less than 6 nor more than 12 feet below the tricolored lantern, a white light in a lantern, so constructed as to show a clear uniform and unbroken light all round the horizon.

2. If sailing-vessels of tons gross tonnage and upwards, shall carry

a white light in a lantern, so constructed as to show a clear uniform and unbroken light all round the horizon, and shall also be provided with a sufficient supply of red pyrotechnic lights, which shall each burn for at least 30 seconds, and shall be shown on the approach of or to other vessels in sufficient time to prevent collision.

In the Mediterranean Sea, the vessels referred to in subdivision (b) 2, may use a flare-up light in lieu of a pyrotechnic light.

All lights mentioned in subdivision (b) 1 and 2, shall be visible at a distance of at least 2 miles.

3. If sailing-vessels of less than 7 tons gross tonnage, shall not be obliged to carry the white light mentioned in subdivision (b) 2 of this Article, but if they do not carry such light, they shall have at hand, ready for use, a lantern showing a bright white light, which shall, on the approach of or to other vessels be exhibited where it can best be seen, in sufficient time to prevent collision; and they shall also show a red pyrotechnic light, as proscribed in subdivision (b) 2, or, in lieu thereof a flare-up light.

(c) Vessels and boats when line-fishing with their lines out and attached to their lines, and when not at anchor or stationary, shall carry the same lights as vessels fishing with drift-nets.

(d) Fishing vessels and fishing boats may at any time use a flare-up lights in addition to the lights which they are by this Article required to carry and show. All flare-up lights exhibited by a vessel when trawling or fishing with any kind of drag-net shall be shown at the after part of the vessel, excepting that, if the vessel is hanging by the stern to her fishing gear, they shall be exhibited from the bow.

(e) Every fishing vessel and every boat when at anchor shall exhibit a white light visible all round the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile. (f) If a vessel or boat when fishing becomes stationary in consequence of her gear getting fast to a rock or other obstruction, she shall show the light and make the fog-signal prescribed for a vessel at anchor, respectively. (See Article 15 (d), (e) and last paragraph.)

(g) In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain-storms, drift-net vessels attached to their nets, and vessels when trawling, dredging, or fishing with any kind of drag-nets, and vessels line-fishing with their lines out, shall, if of 20 tons gross tonnage or upwards, respectively, at intervals. of not more than one minute make a blast; if steam-vessels with the whistle or siren, and if sailing vessels with the fog-horn, each blast to be followed by ringing the bell.

(h) Sailing vessels or boats fishing with nets or lines or trawls, when under way, shall in daytime indicate their occupation to an approaching vessel by displaying a basket or other efficient signal, where it can best be seen.

The vessels referred to in this Article shall not be obliged to carry the lights prescribed by Article 4 (a) and Article 11, last paragraph. Art. 10. A vessel which is being overtaken by another shall show from her stern to such last-mentioned vessel a white light or a flare-up light. The white light required to be shown by this Article may be fixed. and carried in a lantern, but in such case the lantern shall be so constructed, fitted, and screened that it shall throw an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 12 points of the compass, viz., for 6 points from right aft on each side of the vessel, so as to be visible at a distance of at least 1 mile. Such light shall be carried as nearly as practicable on the same level as the side lights.

Art. 11. A vessel under 150 feet in length, when at anchor, shall carry forward, where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding 20 feet above the hull, a white light in a lantern so constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and unbroken light visible all round the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile.

A vessel of 150 feet or upwards in length, when at anchor, shall carry in the forward part of the vessel, at a height of not less than 20 and not exceeding 40 feet above the hull, one such light, and at or near the stern of the vessel, and at such a height that it shall be not less than 15 feet lower than the forward light, another such light.

The length of a vessel shall be deemed to be the length appearing in her certificate of registry.

A vessel aground in or near a fair-way shall carry the above light or lights and the two red lights prescribed by Article 4 (a).

Art. 12. Every vessel may, if necessary in order to attract attention, in addition to the lights which she is by these rules required to carry, show a flare-up light or use any detonating signal that can not be mistaken for a distress signal.

Art. 13. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any nation, with respect to additional station and signal lights for two or more ships of war or for vessels sailing under convoy, or with the exhibition of recognition signals adopted by ship-owners, which have been authorized by their respective Governments and duly registered and published.

Art. 14. A steam-vessel proceeding under sail only, but having her funnel up, shall carry in day-time, forward, where it can best be seen, one black ball or shape 2 feet in diameter.

SOUND-SIGNALS FOR FOG, ETC.

Art. 15. All signals prescribed by this Article for vessels under way shall be given:

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1. By Steam-vessels on the whistle or siren.

2. By "Sailing vessels and vessels towed" on the fog-horn.

The words "prolonged blast" used in this Article, shall mean a blast of from four to six seconds duration.

A steam-vessel shall be provided with an efficient whistle or siren, sounded by steam or some substitute for steam, so placed that the sound may not be intercepted by any obstruction, and with an efficient foghorn, to be sounded by mechanical means, and also with an efficient bell. A sailing vessel of 20 tons gross tonnage or upwards shall be provided with a similar fog-horn and bell.

In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain-storms, whether by day or night, the signals described in this Article shall be used as follows, viz:

(a) A steam-vessel having way upon her shall sound, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, a prolonged blast.

(b) A steam-vessel under way, but stopped and having no way upon her, shall sound, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, 2 prolonged blasts, with an interval of about 1 second between them.

(c) A sailing vessel under way shall sound, at intervals of not more than 1 minute, when on the starboard tack 1 blast, when on the port tack 2 blasts in succession, and when with the wind abaft the beam 3 blasts in succession.

(d) A vessel, when at anchor, shall, at intervals of not more than 1 minute, ring the bell rapidly for about 5 seconds.

(e) A vessel, at anchor, at sea, when not in ordinary anchorage ground and when in such a position as to be an obstruction to vessels under way, shall sound, if a steam-vessel, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, 2 prolonged blasts with her whistle or siren, followed by ringing her bell; or, if a sailing vessel, at intervals of not more than 1 minute, 2 blasts with her fog-horn, followed by ringing her bell.

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NOTE. In all cases where the rules require a bell to be used a drum may be substituted on board Turkish vessels, or a gong where such articles are used on board small sea-going vessels.

(f) A vessel, when towing, shall, instead of the signals prescribed in subdivisions (a) and (c) of this article, at intervals of not more than. 2 minutes, sound 3 blasts in succession, viz: 1 prolonged blast followed by 2 short blasts. A vessel towed may give this signal, and she shall not give any other.

(g) A steam-vessel wishing to indicate to another "the way is off my vessel, you may feel your way past me," may sound 3 blasts in succession, viz: short, long, short, with intervals of about 1 second between them.

(h) A vessel employed in laying or in picking up a telegraph cable shall, on hearing the fog-signal of an approaching vessel, sound in answer 3 prolonged blasts in succession.

(i) A vessel under way, which is unable to get out of the way of an approaching vessel through being not under command or unable to manœuvre as required by these rules, shall, on hearing the fog-signal of an approaching vessel, sound in answer 4 short blasts in succession.

Sailing-vessels and boats of less than 20 tons gross tonnage shall not be obliged to give the above-mentioned signals, but if they do not they shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 1 minute.

SPEED OF SHIPS TO BE MODERATE IN FOG, ETC.

Art. 16. Every vessel shall, in a fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rainstorms, go at a moderate speed, having careful regard to the existing circumstances and conditions.

A steam-vessel hearing, apparently forward of her beam, the fogsignal of a vessel the position of which is not ascertained, shall, so far as the circumstances of the case admit, stop her engines, and then navigate with caution until danger of collision is over.

Risk of collision can, when circumstances permit, be ascertained by carefully watching the compass bearing of an approaching vessel. If the bearing does not appreciably change, such risk should be deemed to exist.

Art. 17. When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows, viz: