principle of class struggle in France. This "bloody lesson of events" is now given us again. But it is a world influence teaching the proletariat in all countries their real mission. Then, true to his syndicalist tradition, M. Sorel defines this mission as "l'idée de constituer un government de producteurs." With no hint of New Guild improvements, he closes "le cri: 'Mort aux Intellectuels,' si souvent reproché aux bolcheviks finera peut-être par s'imposer aux travailleurs du monde entier. Il faut être aveugle pour ne pas voir que la révolution russe est l'aurore d'une èra nouvelle."

In a preface of 50 pages and a longer chapter on l'Avenir socialiste des syndicats, are but restatements of ideas already familiar to readers of Sorel's books. He admits that the syndicalist leaders are not "tres grandes philosophes" but they are men "de sens et d'experience" and know how to defy present political organizations as well as philosophers.

His scorn of Fabianism and of all socialism that has made itself respected burns with its old fire. Socialist literature, he says, is vague and more débridé than that of ordinary politicians. Socialists are now furnishing these politicians, with material and with arguments to confuse every subject with which they deal. They are creating myths and illusions with which the bewildered masses are to be led they know not whither.

As in Gustave Le Bon's recent study of psychology applied to revolutions, we have a sharp reaction against the whole rationalist method of dealing with social changes and upheaval. Revolution is indeed a kind of fatalism or religious madness. This reveals the most dangerous weakness in this syndicalist philosophy. It treats the masses as children to be fed on myths. To think so ill of the "crowd-mind" and of Le Bon's "collective tyranny" is the most serious impeachment of the masses ever given us; serious because they never could know or select a leadership except of fanatics or of demagogues.

JOHN GRAHAM BROOKS.

NEW BOOKS

BRASSEY, LORD. Co-partnership in mining. Experiments in profitsharing and co-partnership no. 3. (London: Labour Co-partnership Assoc., 6 Bloomsbury Sq. 1919. Pp. 16.)

BULLARD, A. The Russian pendulum; autocracy, democracy, bolshevism. (New York: Macmillan. 1919. Pp. xiv, 256.)

COMPÈRE-MOREL. Le programme socialiste de réformes agraires. (Paris: Rivière. 1919. Pp. 70. Pp. 70. 1.25 fr.)

Danneberg, K. Karl Marx, the man and his work; constructive elements in socialism. (New York: Radical Rev. Pub. Assoc. 1919. Pp. 122.)

DERS. Zur Vertiefung des Sozialismus. (Leipzig: Der neue Geist Verlag. 1919. Pp. xv, 253. 8 M.)

DESLINIÈRES, L. Comment se réalisera le socialisme. (Paris: Humanité. 1919. Pp. 72. 1.25 fr.)

Dorchester, D., JR. Bolshevism and social revolt. (New York: Abingdon Press. 1919.)

DUMAS, C. La vérité sur les Bolchéviki. (Paris: Riarchovski. 1919. Pp. 144.)

EROSHKIN, M. K. Soviets in Russia. (New York: Russian Information Bureau. 1919. 35c.)

FORSTER, H. W. Coöperation with employees. (Philadelphia: Independence Bureau. 1919. Pp. 15.)

GLAISER, J. B. The meaning of socialism. (London: Nat. Labour Party. 1919. Pp. 245. 3s. 6d.)

GOLDSTEIN, D. Bolshevism: its cure. (Boston: Boston School of Political Economy, 468 Mass. Ave. 1919. Pp. 414.)

KEELING, H. V. Bolshevism: Mr. Keeling's five years in Russia. (London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1919.)

LAIDLER, H. W. Socialism in thought and action. (New York: Macmillan.

1919.)

LLOYD, J. W. Is coöperative marketing of horticultural products applicable to Illinois conditions? (Urbana: Univ. Ill. Agri. Ex. Sta. 1919. Pp. 238.)

NAST, A. Le régime juridique des coopératives: principes coöpératifs et exposé synthétique de la législation. (Paris: Rivière. 1919.) NATROWSKI, M. Individual-Sozialismus. (Leipzig: Der Neue Geist Verlag. 1919. Pp. 113. 5 M.)

OPPENHEIMER, F. Die soziale Frage und der Sozialismus. (Jena: Fischer. 1919. Pp. 192.)

POHLE, L. Kapitalismus und Sozialismus. (Leipzig: Teubner. 1919. 4 M.)

POWER, R. Under the Bolshevik reign of terror. (New York: Robert M. McBride & Co. 1919.)

SMITH-GORDON, L. and O'BRIEN, C. Coöperation in many lands. (Manchester, Eng.: Coöperative Union. 1919. Pp. 272. 5s.) SONNICHSEN, A.

Consumers' coöperation. Introduction by JOHN GRAHAM BROOKS. (New York: Macmillan. 1919. Pp. xix, 223. $1.75.)

"Beyond doubt," says Mr. Sonnichsen, "consumers' coöperation is an anti-capitalistic, revolutionary movement, aiming at radical social reconstruction based upon an all-inclusive collectivism." It has nothing in common with the self-governing workshop or the farmers' marketing organization nor any scheme which includes private profit, nor does it keep step with socialism when it comes to seeking political favor and advocating state administration of industry. It is this sharply limited coöperation of which Mr. Sonnichsen's book traces the early beginnings, the successful launching at Rochdale, England, in 1844, and the development in Great Britain, the continent, and America.

The warfare with capitalistic interests on the one hand, and on the other, the long contest with the Christian Socialists bent upon grafting on to the movement the self-governing workshop idea, make an interesting story. An account is given of the varying fortunes of coöperation during the war in different countries.

Of the second part of the book, Coöperation as a Factor in the Social Revolution, with chapter on Coöperation and Socialism and another on Coöperation and Labor, I can give no better idea than by presenting a few significant quotations. Based upon "the gradual development of consumers' coöperation from its nebulous beginnings a hundred years ago to its present status of a worldwide organization of over fifty million souls," he avers that "even those who may regard it with prejudiced eyes cannot deny that it is destined to be a big factor in the industrial and social reconstruction which must follow the war."

"In the economic arena it feels itself irresistible, competent to meet all attacks. Coöperation has no need to appeal to political action to establish itself." Its limits are recognized, "When coöperation has spread just so far as it can benefit human beings, it will stop, and be perfectly content to stop."

The author admits that, so far as labor is concerned, there will remain the question of relative wages to go to those of different occupations, but "under coöperation human society will be like one person laboring to supply its own needs, whether these needs are purely material, like bread and meat, or of a spiritual nature like art and music"; that since there is no private profit the worker will, as consumer, get the whole product of his labor.

The value of the book consists in its giving the most adequate exposition of consumers' coöperation yet given in this country,-a comprehensive story of the movement, the fullest in later years, and interesting suggestions as to future achievement.

EMERSON P. HARRIS.

SPARGO, J. The enemy of political and industrial democracy. (New York: Harper. 1919. Pp. 389. $1.50.)

TAYLOR, S. The guild state. (London: Allen & Unwin. 1919. 45.

TOWLER, W. G. The nationalisation of British industry. (London: Municipal Society. 1919. Pp. 24. 8d.)

TROTZKI, L. Disziplin und Ordnung werden die sozialistische SovjetRepublikretten. (Berlin: Gesellschaft & Erziehung. 1919. Pp.

ULIANOV, V. J. The state revolution.

1919. 3s.)

(London: Allen & Unwin.

VAUCHER, R. L'enfer Bolchevik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge. (Paris: Perrin. 1919.)

WILBRANDT, R. Sozialismus. (Jena: Diedrichs.

WILLIAMS, A. R. Lenin. The man and his work. (New York: Scott & Seltzer. 1919. Pp. 202. $1.50.)

Facts against socialism. A note book for speakers, writers and work(London: London Municipal Society. 1919. Pp. 16.)

ers.

The Labour Co-partnership Association, thirty-third report, 1918. (London: Office, 6 Bloomsbury Sq. 1919. Pp. 32.)

One hundred reasons why one hundred cities have changed from private to municipal ownership of their public utilities. (Kansas City, Mo.: Burns & McDonnell. 1919. Pp. 16.)

The people's yearbook and annual of the English and Scottish Wholesale Societies, 1919. (London: Methuen. 1919. Pp. 881.)

Teachable facts about bolshevism and sovietism. (New York: Institute for Public Service. 1919. Pp. 31.)

Que font les Bolcheviks. (Lausanne: Assoc. A. Herzen. 1919.) Société pour l'étude practique de la participation du personnel dans les bénéfices. (Paris: 1919. Pp. 48.)

Statistics and Its Methods

NEW BOOKS

FRANKEL, L. K. and DUBLIN, L. I. Influenza mortality among wageearners and their families. (New York: Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. 1919. Pp. 742.)

MUELLER, J. P. Financial statistics of the leading industrial and mining companies in the United States for the fiscal years 1911, 1912, 1913, (pre-war period) compared with the fiscal years 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918 (war period). (Washington: Federal Photolithograph Co. 1919. Pp. 175.)

SAVORGNAN, F. La mortalità infantile alle varie età durante il primo anno di vita. (Rome: Author, Piazza Barberini 12. 1919. Pp. 35.) VICINI, F. Sulla misura della concordanza tra caratteri quantitativi. (Rome: Athenaeum. 1919. Pp. 71.)

WARNE, F. J. Chartography in ten lessons. (Washington: Author, Southern Bldg. 1919. Pp. 159. $5.)

First annual report of the Dominion statistician for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1919. The Dominion Bureau of Statistics: its origin, purpose, and organization. (Ottawa: Bureau of Statistics. 1919. Pp. 51.)

Central electric stations in Canada. Census of industry, 1917. Part I, Statistics. (Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1919. Pp. 70.)

Decennial census of Massachusetts, 1915. Part IV, Occupations. (Boston: Bureau of Statistics. 1918. Pp. 44.)

Financial statistics of states, 1918.
Census. 1918. Pp. 123.)

(Washington: Bureau of the

New Zealand official yearbook, 1918. (Wellington: Census & Statistics Office. 1919. Pp. 837.)

Official yearbook of the Commonwealth of Australia, containing authoritative statistics for the period 1901-1915 and corrected statistics for the period 1788 to 1900. (Melbourne: Bureau of Statistics. 1919. Pp. 1179.)

This yearbook contains well digested chapters on many phases of social and industrial life. The material is illustrated by graphs expressed with exceptional clearness.

Pocket compendium of Australian statistics. Fifth issue. (Melbourne: Bureau of Statistics. 1919. Pp. 138.)

Results of a census of the Dominion of New Zealand taken for the night of the 15th October, 1916. Part IX, Occupations and unemployment. Part XI, Dwellings. (Wellington. 1918. Pp. 174, 52.) Save the youngest. Seven charts on maternal and infant mortality, with explanatory comment. Children's year follow-up series no. 2. Bureau publication no. 61. (Washington: Children's Bureau. 1919. Pp. 15.)

Statistisches Reichsamt. Abteilung für Arbeiterstatistik. Die Verbände der Arbeitgeber, Angestellten und Arbeiter im Jahre 1916 und im Jahre 1917. (Berlin: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt. 1919. Pp. 65.)