The same bureau has prepared a compilation of Statistics of Income based on the returns for 1917 (Washington, pp. 188).

The Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919 (Washington, pp. 719), contains a large amount of documentary material in regard to the several bond issues.

Bulletin No. 186 of the Special Agents Series, published by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, relates to Chinese Currency and Finance (Washington, 1919, pp. 57).

The November, 1919, issue of State Finances, published by the state comptroller of New York, is entitled Income Tax Explained.

The Wisconsin Tax Commission has prepared a fourth edition of The Wisconsin Income Tax Law with Explanatory Notes (Madison, 1919, pp. 82).

Insurance and Pensions

The Children's Bureau of the United States Department of Labor has issued Maternity Benefit Systems in Certain Foreign Countries, by Henry J. Harris (Washington, 1919, pp. 206), which has a bibliography of 12 pages; also Laws relating to "Mothers' Pensions" in the United States, Canada, Denmark, and New Zealand, by Laura A. Thompson (pp. 316), which has a bibliography of 40 pages.

The subject of Marine Insurance is considered in Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries, in four parts (Washington, 1919, pp. 854).

The Industrial Accident Commission of California has compiled Workmen's Compensation, Insurance and Safety Laws of the State of California, effective July 22, 1919 (San Francisco, pp. 71).

Annual reports have been received as follows:

Second Report of the Oregon Industrial Accident Commission (Salem, 1919, pp. 127).

Biennial Report of the Nevada Industrial Commission reviewing the administration of the Nevada industrial insurance act, 1916-1918 (Carson City, 1919, pp. 40).

Statistics

Birth Statistics for the Birth Registration Area of the United States, 1917, Third Annual Report (Washington, Bureau of the Census, 1919, pp. 299), contains a wealth of material illustrating birth rates for dif

ferent states in the registration area and the relation between birth rate and rate of infant mortality and between birth rate and the racial composition of the population. The population in the birth registration area in 1917 is estimated at 55 millions or approximately 53 per cent of the total estimated population in that year. Nine states during the year were added to the registration area. The birth rate for the registration area considered is 24.6 per thousand population. The mortality rate of infants under one year of age was 94 per thousand. The excess of births over deaths was 0.5 per thousand, representing an increase in population of a little over 1 per cent. The first and second children form 50 per cent of all children born to native white mothers, and only 39 per cent of children born to foreign born mothers, showing that the fecundity of foreign mothers is greater than of native born mothers. A table is given comparing the birth rate of the United States in 1917 with that of more than 25 other countries. The number of births per thousand deaths in the United States was 174; in England and Wales (1916), 154; in France (1912), 108; in the German Empire (1913), 183.

Mortality Statistics, 1917 (Washington, 1919, pp. 597) is the eighteenth volume on mortality statistics prepared by the Bureau of the Census. It covers 72.7 of the total estimated population. The death rate in 1917 for the area considered was 14.2 per thousand of population.

The Decennial Census, 1915, of Massachusetts, taken under the direction of Charles F. Gettemy, director of the Bureau of Statistics (Boston, 1918, pp. 749) has appeared in bound form. The five parts deal with: General introduction and population tables; Composition and characteristics of the population; Nativity, color, or race, illiteracy, political condition, ages, and conjugal condition; Occupations; and The census of fisheries and commerce; and Appendices.

The Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Maryland State Board of Labor and Statistics, 1918 (Baltimore, 1919, pp. 306) contains a section on War and Other Statistics (pp. 279-299) in which are tables and explanations of the world war debt, cost of the war, battle deaths, physical condition of soldiers of Maryland, church statistics, rate of deaths from influenza and pneumonia in 1918, and cost of living.

PERIODICALS

The REVIEW is indebted to Robert F. Foerster for abstracts of articles in Italian periodicals, and to R. S. Saby for abstracts of articles in Danish and Swedish periodicals.

Theory

(Abstracts by Arthur N. Young)

ARIAS, G. Les idées économiques et sociales de Guiseppe Mazzini. Rev. d'Econ. Pol., May-June, 1919.

BARNES, H. E. Two representative contributions of sociology to political theory: the doctrine of William Graham Sumner and Lester Frank Ward. II. Am. Journ. Soc., Sept., 1919. Pp. 20.

DAVIDSON, J. One of the physical foundations of economics. Quart. Journ. Econ., Aug., 1919. Pp. 7. Discusses the physical basis of the principle of diminishing returns.

FOREMAN, C. J. A division among theorists in their analysis of profits. Quart. Journ. Econ., Nov., 1919. Pp. 13. An essay on the use of the concept of profits. Emphasizes the "dynamic efficiency" services of the entrepreneur. FOREMAN, C. J. Contractual growth of unearned profits. Columbia Law Rev., May, 1919. Pp. 25. A discussion of the principles involved in certain legal decisions respecting the right of contract in its relation to monopoly and competition.

MACKINTOSH, W. A. The application of economic theory to prices in the light of war experience. Econ. Wld., Aug. 16, 1919. Pp. 3. Further knowledge should be sought of the forces interfering with free competition. NOURSE, E. C. Normal price as a market concept. Quart. Journ. Econ., Aug., 1919. Pp. 20. The normality of any given price should be measured by the degree to which it is in conformity with the entire market situation existing. RIST, C. La doctrine sociale de Lénine. Rev. d'Econ. Pol., Sept.-Oct., 1919. Pp. 13. An analysis of Lenine's views based upon his writings before his accession to power in Russia. M. Rist points out that it is a cardinal doctrine of Lenine's social philosophy that the state, which has been the agency by which the privileged few exploit the masses, should under the proletarian dictatorship become the agency by which the privileged few are in turn exploited for the benefit of the masses.

Ross, E. A. Institutional competition. Am. Journ. Soc., Sept., 1919. Pp. 13. Develops the thesis that competition among institutions tends toward social progress.

SIMPSON, K. Price-fixing and the theory of profit. Quart. Journ. Econ., Nov., 1919. Pp. 22. Considers American wartime experience with price fixing, with special reference to the attention which price fixers gave to cost of production.

Economic History, United States

(Abstracts by Amelia C. Ford)

ALBIG, W. E. Early developments of transportation on the Monongahela River. Western Pa. Hist. Mag., Apr., 1919. Pp. 10. Shows with abundant statistics how important a part of the huge traffic pouring along the old National Road before 1850 was borne by this water highway between Brownsville and the Ohio, and of the various state improvements in its navigation.

BARCE, E. Old Chicago trail and the old Chicago road. Indiana Mag. Hist., Mar., 1919. Pp. 14. Shows, by tracing the course of each, that the old Potawatomie trail from the Wabash to Chicago and the old Chicago road are identically the same, and describes the hardships of travel over this route in early days when the pioneers transported their produce and cattle to the Chicago market.

BRADLEE, F. B. C. Some account of steam navigation in New England. Essex Inst. Hist. Coll., Apr., 1919. Pp. 16. An illustrated account of the various steamboats that have been engaged in the local coastwise traffic of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. Begun in January; continued in July and October.

BRATTOU, S. T. Inefficiency of water transportation in Missouri—a geographical factor in the development of railroads. Mo. Hist. Rev., Oct., 1919. Pp. 7. Shows that river transportation in the pre-war period was available only in a small part of Missouri, and very unsatisfactory because of difficulties offered by the stream itself, the winter season, and the freight charges. CESTRE, C. Our labor situation-a Frenchman's view. Rev. Rev., Jan., 1920. Pp. 5. The author detects in American life hints that indicate the husbanding of "the wealth of human values,” and pictures most attractive, ideally desirable results in the near future as the outcome of our characteristic quality, idealism of action.

CLELAND, R. G. Transportation in California before the railroads, with especial reference to Los Angeles. Ann. Pubs. Hist. Soc. S. Calif., vol. 11, pt. 1. ELLA, L. The French council of commerce in relation to American trade. Miss. Valley Hist. Rev., Sept., 1919. Pp. 27. A detailed exposition of French methods of regulating colonial trade and industry between 1700 and 1734, contrasting them with the English policy.

FAIRWEATHER, H. W. The Northern Pacific railroad and some of its history. Wash. Hist. Quart., Apr., 1919. Pp. 5. Touches briefly on various financial episodes in the development of the Northern Pacific line: troubles with loggers and land speculators; failure to secure the Puyallup coal mines; its several receiverships; and its kindred corporations.

HARGER, C. M. The romance of the oil fields. Scribner's, Nov., 1919. Pp. 8. Explains in entertaining fashion the methods of promoters in locating and developing oil wells, "America's greatest gamble," in the mid-continental field of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas, and the present state of oil produc

JERNEGAN, M. W. Slavery and the beginnings of industrialism in the American colonies. Am. Hist. Rev., Jan., 1920. Pp. 21. Proves from a mass of evidence the existence in the southern colonies, chiefly South Carolina and Virginia, of a considerable and growing slave artisan class which competed with free white labor and was a most important agency in the rise of plantation manufactures and in the commercial development of the South before the revolution.

ROYAL, B. W. The United States factory system for trading with the Indians, 1796-1822. Miss. Valley Hist. Rev., Sept., 1919. Pp. 15. Sketches the federal government's attempt to win the loyalty of the Indians through direct trade relations, and circumstances which caused the breakdown of the experiment.

STOCKBRIDGE, F. P. United States as it is. World's Wk., Oct., 1919. Pp. 7. A cheerful, journalistic sketch of labor conditions in the area containing Albany, Schenectady, and Troy. The first of a series.

WHITE, J. B. The Missouri merchant one hundred years ago. Mo. Hist. Rev., Jan., 1919. Pp. 21. A banquet address listing with brief comment the chief merchants of early days, and quoting at length from standard writers on St. Louis and the fur trade.

Modern manufacturing—a partnership of idealism and commonsense. Ann. Am. Acad., Sept., 1919. Entire volume. Deals with the aims of industry, location, size, organization, the personnel, production, finance, selling, research, and publicity.

CAUBOUE, P.

1919. Pp. 1.

Economic History, Foreign

L'avenir économique de l'Albanie.

Journ. des Econ., Nov.,

LECARPENTIER, G. Paul Leroy-Beaulieu économiste. Rev. des Sci. Pol., Oct. 15, 1919.

RAFFALOVICH, A. Quelques aspects de la situation économiques de l'Allemagne. L'Econ. Franç., Nov. 15, 1918. P. 1.

RAFFALOVICH, A. Quelques aspects de la situation économique et financière de P'Allemagne. L'Econ., Franç., Dec. 13, 1919. P. 1.

RAFFALOVICH, A. Un negociant hambourgeois pendant la Révolution française; Georges-Henri Sieveking (1751-1799). L'Econ. Franç., Oct. 11, 1919. P. 1.

ROULAND, E. La Suede; la situation économique à la fin de 1918. L'Econ. Franç., Nov. 8, 1919. P. 1.

SCHELLE, G. Le relèvement économique de la France après la Révolution. Journ. des Econ., Nov., 1919. P. 1.

SEMPLE, E. C. The ancient Piedmont route of northern Mesopotamia. Geog. Rev., Sept., 1919. P. 1.

TRIOULLIER, J. M. Hoover et la situation économique de l'Europe en 1919. Rev. Sci. Pol., Oct. 15, 1919.