MINISTERS, PUBLIC (continued).

instances of dismissal, 477.

what may be done to him, according to
the exigencies of the case, 478.

of ambassador attempting the life of the
sovereign, 479.

instances respecting immunities of public
ministers, 480, 481.

what reprisals may be made on, 481.
why not in general permitted, 481, 482.
Agreements of nations respecting privileges
of, 482.

allowed the free exercise of his religion,
483.

exemption of, from imposts, 484.

to what extent, ib.

this obligation founded on use and cus-
tom, 485.

Of secret ministers, ib.

rights and duties of, 485, 486.

of a sovereign in a foreign country, 486.
conduct to be pursued towards, ib.

his rights, privileges, and security, 486,
487.

Of deputies to states, 487.

rights and immunities of, ib.

safety to persons of, ib.

MINISTERS OF RELIGION. See RE-

LIGION.

MISSIONARIES,

of their employment in religious matters,
158.

of refusal of admittance to them, ib.
MONARCHY. See GOVERNMENT.
defined, 2.

a government confided to one person, 2.
form of, considered, 2, in note.
MONEY AND EXCHANGE,
Of the establishment of money, 45.
utility and convenience of, ib.
commerce facilitated by, ib.

duty of nation with respect to coin, ib.
impression on the seal of its standard
value, ib.

should be coined in sovereign's name, ib.
amount of coinage, ib.

of increasing value of, when inexpedient,
ib.

rights in respect of, 46.

state alone has the right of coining, ib.
of counterfeiting coin, ib.

an offence against the sovereign, ib.
though made of standard value, ib.
coining a prerogative of majesty, ib.
how one nation may injure another in the
article of coin, 47.

as by counterfeiting, ib.

or protecting, &c. those who do, ib.

all princes equally interested in extermin-
ating them, ib., and note.

Of exchange and the laws of commerce, 47.

MONEY AND EXCHANGE (continued).

a custom of merchants for remitting

money, 47.
should be supported by good laws, ib.
duty of nations herein, ib.
MONOPOLY. See COMMERCE.

duty of sovereign to hinder, 1.6.
MUNICIPAL COURT. See JURISDICTION.
jurisdiction of, lv. in note.
cannot enforce treaty, ib.
when otherwise, ib.

NATION. See STATE.

law of. See LAW OF NATIONS.
meaning of term nation, lv., 1.
is a moral person, ib.

susceptible of obligations and rights, lv.,

4.

of the state and sovereignty of, 1.

of the several kinds of government of, 2.
General principle of the duties of a nation
towards itself, 4.

should act agreeably to its nature, ib.
should preserve and perfect itself, ib.
in what consists its preservation, ib.
what its perfection, ib.

what is the end of civil society, 5.
of the nation's obligation to preserve
itself, ib.

also to preserve its members, ib.
has a right to everything necessary for
its preservation, 6.

or which may promote that end, ib.
should avoid every thing that might
occasion its destruction, 6, 7.
should be perfect in itself and state, 6.
should avoid every thing contrary

thereto, 7.

of the right derived from these obli-
gations, ib.

examples, ib.

a nation ought to know itself, 8.
Common duties of, towards others, 133.
foundation of these duties, 133, 134.
offices of humanity, 134, 135.
difference of religion should not pre-
clude the performance of them,

139.

instances, 139, 140, and notes.
general principle of the mutual duties
of nations, 135.

duties of a nation for the preservation
of others, ib.

should assist a nation affected with
famine or other calamity, 136,
and note.
instances, 136.

should contribute to the perfection of

others, 136, 137.

of the right to require the offices of
humanity, 138.

of the right to refuse them, ib.

NATION (continued).

performance of, cannot be enforced, 138.
mutual love of nations, ib.

each nation should cultivate the friend-
ship of others, 138, 139.

and perfect itself for the advantage of
others, 139.

to take care of their glory, ib.

rule and measure of the offices of hu-

manity, 140.

particular limitation with regard to the
prince, 141.

no nation ought to injure others, 141,
142.

meaning of the word injure, 141, note.
how far one nation may injure the com-
merce of another, 142, note.

case of revolted colony, ib.

should avoid giving offence to others,
142, 143.

of the publication of libels, 143, note.
Of the protection sought by a nation, 93.
of simple protection, 93, 94.
how obtained, and terms, ib.
reservation of right of government, ib.
voluntary submission of one nation to
another, 94.

when may lawfully do so, ib.

on what terms, ib.

of the different kinds of submission, ib.
may leave inferior nation a part of the
sovereignty, ib.

may totally abolish it, ib.

may incorporate the two in one, ib.
right of citizens when nation submits to a
foreign power, ib.

when not bound to submit, ib.

may sell effects and retire elsewhere, 94,
106.

these compacts how annulled, 95.
by failure of protection, 95, 96, and

note.

through want of good faith, 95.
by infidelity of party protected, ib.
by encroachments of, protected, ib.
by silence of party protected, 95, 96.
Of the separation of a nation from a state of
which it is a member, 96, 97.
difference between incorporated nations
and those merely in a state of sub-
jection, ib.

failure of protection alone no ground of
separation, ib.

their duty when in danger, 97.

to use endeavours to maintain themselves
in their present state, ib.

if overcome by force, may treat with the

conqueror, ib.

their right when abandoned, 97, 98.
may provide for their own safety, 97.
instances, 97, 98.

Of the establishment of, in a country, 98.

NATION (continued).

possession of, and how acquired, 98.
exclusive right thereto, ib.
comprehends two things, ib.
right of domain and empire, ib.
acquisition of, in a vacant country, 99.
empire over, acquired with domain, ib.
another mode of acquiring it, ib.

of appropriation of a desert country by a
nation, ib.

must take entire possession, ib.
where possession in a few wandering
tribes, 99, 100, 101.

by treaties, 153.

our duty to conform to general customs,
153, and note.

of mutual respect sovereigns owe each
other, 153.

how sovereign ought to maintain his
dignity, 154.

Of the right of nation to security, ib.

nature of this right, ib.

gives the right of resistance, 154, 161.
and of obtaining reparation, 155, 161.
gives the right of punishing, ib.
right of, against a mischievous people, ib.
cannot interfere in the government of

another state, 155, and note.

one sovereign cannot make himself judge
of conduct of another, 155.
how far may interfere in a quarrel be-
tween a sovereign and his people,

157.

right of opposing such interference, 157,
158.

no nation to be restrained as to religion,

158.

offices of humanity in these matters,
ib.

Of missionaries, ib

may order them to leave dominions,
ib.

their duty to obey, ib.

of the circumspection to be used herein,

159.

what sovereign may do in favour of
those who profess his religion in
another state, 159, 160.

Of colonies, 101.

when they become a part of the mother
country, ib.

Of the things relating to that establishment, ib.

See COUNTRY.

Of the mutual commerce between nations, 143.

See COMMERCE.

Of the dignity and equality of nations, 149.
dignity of nations or sovereigns, ib.
their obligation to maintain it, 149,

154.

their equality, 149.

their precedence, ib.

none can claim it as a right, ib.

and complaints, ib.

duty of sovereign to insist on compen-
sation for wrongs to his subjects,
276.

means suggested by the law of nature
for terminating their disputes, ib.

1. by amicable accommodation, ib.

2. by compromise, ib.

3. by mediation, ib.

4. by arbitration, 277, 278.

these several modes described, 276,
278.

of conferences and congresses, 278.
distinctions to be made between evident

and doubtful cases, 278.

between essential rights and inferior ones,
279.

of resorting to force in doubtful cases,
280.

when conciliatory measures may be dis-
pensed with, ib.

effect of voluntary law of nations, 280,

281.

what, 102, and n.

by whom granted, 102.

of imperfect naturalization, ib.

of naturalization by birth, ib.
instances, ib. in note.

NATURAL LAW,

what, lviii. in note.

defined to be the science of the law of
nature, lxvii. in note.

of God and our conscience, ib.

the basis of the law of nations, lv. in

NEUTRALITY (continued).

in what it consists, 332.
relates solely to war, ib.

what a breach of neutrality, 332, 333.
an ally may furnish succour due from
him, 333.

and yet remain neuter, ib.

of the right of remaining neuter, ib.
all nations may remain so, ib.
unless otherwise bound by treaties, ib.
when they should join in the contest, ib.
treaties of neutrality, ib.

when lawful to enter into, ib.

when from necessity, ib.

when with both parties, 333, 334.
foundation of rules of neutrality, 334.
how levies may be allowed, &c., without
breach of, ib.

of breach of, generally, 334, 335.

trade of neutral nations with those at war,
335, and note.

of seizing the property thereof, 336.
passage of troops through neutral coun-
try, 340.

of the right thereof, ib.

when may be refused, 340, 343, 345.
permission must be applied for, 340.
may be refused for good reasons, 341.
as where war unjust, 345.

in what case may be forced, 341.
fear of danger authorizes a refusal, 342,
343.

or a demand of every reasonable security,
342.

whether necessary to give security re-
quired, ib.

equality to be observed towards both par-

ties as to the passage, 343.

no complaint lies against neutral state for
granting passage, ib.

state may refuse from fear of resentment
of opposite party, ib.

or lest her country should become the
theatre of war, ib.

what included in grant of passage, 344.
to include all connected with passage of
troops, ib.

safety of passage, ib.

hostilities not to be committed in neutrals'

country, ib.

sea, when considered part of territory,

344, in note.

of contraband goods, 337.

what deemed such, ib.
distinctions as to, ib.

when may be confiscated, ib.

of searching neutral ships, 338, 339, and

note.

foundation of right to do so, 339.

neutral ship refusing to be searched, and
consequences, ib.

ny be condemned as a prize, ib.

NEUTRALITY (continued).

manner of search generally settled in
treaties, 339.

credit usually given to certificates, and
bill of lading, ib.

unless fraud apparent, 339, and notes.
of enemy's property on board neutral
ship, 339.

liability thereof to seizure, 339, and note.
of neutral's property on board enemy's
ship, 339.

restoration thereof to neutral, ib.

latter to bear any loss resulting from
capture, ib.

of trading with a besieged town, 339,
and note.

commerce with, absolutely prohibited,
339.

of blockade, and violation thereof, 339,
and note. See BLOCKADE.

of impartial offices of neutrals, 340.
duty of, towards belligerents, ib.
may render impartial assistance, ib.
other assistance by treaty, &c., ib.
enemy pursuing ship into neutral port
must refrain from hostilities there,
344, note.

nor can ship be condemned in, 344, note.
neutral country not to afford a retreat to
troops, 345.

conduct of troops passing through neu-
tral country, ib.

stipulations for indemnification against
loss, ib.

of asseverations, ib.

OBLIGATIONS AND RIGHTS.
Distinctions respecting, lxii.
are internal and external, ib.
or perfect and imperfect, ib.
Internal obligation, what, ib.
binding on the conscience, ib.
always of the same nature, ib.
External, what, ib.

relates to men, &c., ib.

is either perfect or imperfect, ib.
perfect where performance may be com-
pelled, ib.

imperfect when only a right to ask, ib.
Of rights retained by all nations, 178.
of what rights men cannot be deprived,
ib.

right still remaining from primitive state
of communion, ib.

OBLIGATIONS, &c. (continued).

introduction and tacit restriction there-

on, 178.

right retained by each nation over the
property of others, ib.

right of necessity, ib.

right of procuring provisions by force,
179.

when this right may be resorted to, ib.
right of making use of things belong-
ing to others, ib.

compensation for the same, ib.

of pressing vessels in cases of neces-
sity, ib.

compensation to be made for services,
ib.

right of carrying off women, ib.

instance of the rape of Sabine women,
ib.

right of passage, 180.

none can be deprived of, ib.

though right limited, ib.
right of, from necessity, ib.

when may be enforced, ib.

when to escape from danger, ib.

of right of vessel to force entry in a
foreign port, ib.

right of procuring necessaries, ib.

right of dwelling in a foreign country,
ib.

right herein defined, 180, 181.

right of use of things inexhaustible,
181.

instances of rights, ib.

right of innocent use, and what meant

thereby, 181, 182.

nature of this right in general, 182.
who to decide thereon, ib.

where right doubtful, ib.

in cases not doubtful, ib.

exercise of this right between nations,
182, 183.

Of the right of domain, 183.

exercise of that right by nations, ib.
general duty of the proprietor, ib.
bound to grant a lawful passage, ib.
but sureties may be required, 184.
passage of merchandise, ib.
right of residence, 184, 171.
should in general be granted, 184.
unless required for unlawful purposes,
ib.

what, no ground for expulsion, 184,
185.

how to act towards foreigners desiring a
perpetual residence, 185.

of the right accruing from a general
permission, ib.

of right granted as a favour, 186.
the nation ought to be courteous, ib.

PACTION. See TREATY, CONVENTION.

PARDON,

right of, in whom, 83.

an attribute of sovereignty, ib.
of the exercise thereof, ib.

should be without injury to any one, ib.
or where welfare of state requires an
exception, ib.

exercise of, should be for advantage
of society, ib.

PASSPORT,

what, 416.

distinction as to, and safe conduct, ib.
by whom granted, 459, in note, 105.
PATRIMONIAL STATE,

what, 30.

doctrine of, refuted, 25, 30, 435.
true sovereignty inalienable, 25, 31, 32,

and notes.

duty of sovereign empowered to appoint
successor, 32, 435.

must have at least a tacit ratification,
32, 33.

PEACE,

what peace is, 429, 430.

obligation to cultivate it, 430.

sovereign's obligation herein, ib.
extent of this duty, ib.

of the disturbers of, 431.

how far war may be continued, 431, 302.
peace the end of war, 432.

general effects of peace, ib.

Treaties of, 432 to 440.

defined, 432.

by whom concluded, ib.

sovereign's authority herein, 432, 433.
when limited, 433.

of alienations made by a treaty of peace, ib.
to what extent may be made, 433, 434.
when sovereign may dispose of what

concerns individuals, 435.

state bound to indemnify sufferers, ib.
whether sovereign, prisoner of war, can
conclude treaty of peace, ib.

when he may negotiate it, &c., ib.
who then to conclude it, ib.

duty of state to procure release of sove-