ing, and leaving the questions we are concerned with just where they were. For it is still to ask: whence this rich endowment of matter? Whence comes that of which all we see and know is the outcome? That to which potency may in the last resort be ascribed, Prof. Tyndall, suspending further judgment, calls mystery-using the word in one of its senses, namely, something hidden from us which we are not to seek to know. But there are also mysteries proper to be inquired into and to be reasoned about; and, although it may not be given unto us to know the mystery of causation, there can hardly be a more legitimate subject of philosophical inquiry. Most scientific men have thought themselves intellectually authorized to have an opinion about it. "For, by the primitive and very ancient men, it has been handed down in the form of myths, and thus left to later generations, that the Divine it is which holds together all Nature;" and this tradition, of which Aristotle, both naturalist and philosopher, thus nobly speaks-continued through succeeding ages, and illuminated by the Light which has come into the world-may still express the worthiest thoughts of the modern scientific investigator and reasoner.
1 Παραδέδοται δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαίων καὶ παμπαλαίων ἐν μύθου σχήματι καταλελειμένα τοῖς ὕστερον, ὅτι περιέχει ΤΟ ΘΕΙΟΝ τὴν ὅλην φύσιν.— Arist. Metaphys., xi. 8, 19.
Accident incidental to design, 154–157. Agassiz, L., view of species, 19, 16, 163, 191, 200; how he diverges from Dar- win, 16, 117, 120, 199; correspondence of his capital facts with Darwin's, 19; theory theistic to excess, 14, 20-22, 154, 200; relation of tertiary to exist- ing species, 49, 110; on age of Florida, 100; on prophetic types, 116; on in- telligence of animals, 172; on destruc- tion of species, 120; on geological time, 100, 162; on design in Nature, 154-156.
Alaska, Sequoia fossil in, 228. Aldrovanda, insectivorous, 322. Analogy, use of, by Darwin, 47, 105; in proof of design, 365.
Argyll, Duke of, on creation by law, 275. Aristotle, his definition of Nature, 389; his theistic view of Nature, 390. Atheism, relations of Darwinism to, 55, 5S, 69, 138 sq., 154, 258, 266 sq., 269, 270, 279, 379; to doubt ordinary doctrine of final causes not atheistical, 138. Augustine, St., on the method of crea- tion, 357.
Austin, Mrs., on the California pitcher- plant, 330.
Bacon, Lord, view of Providence, 144. Baird, Prof., on variation in the birds of North America, 244. William, on
Beech, species of, now extending their limits, 186.
Bentham, on the derivative hypothesis, 236, 242.
Bible, does not determine the mode of creation, 131, 291; a mirror of Provi- dence, 142; interpretation of, partly a matter of probabilities, 261. Billiard-balls illustrate the proof of de- sign, 62-64, 69-74, 77. Birds, instinct of, 171. Bladderwort, insectivorous, 323. Boomerang, illustrating the method of proving design, 72.
Breeding, thorough, 30; tendency of, to reversion, 341; close, evil effects of, 854.
British flora, discrepancy of views re- garding, 84.
Broccoli, origin of, 111.
Brongniart, Adolphe, on distribution of species in tertiary period, 114. Brown, Robert, scientific sagacity of, etc., 284-289.
Budding, propagation by, relation of, to deterioration of varieties, 341.
Butler, Bishop, definition of natural, 61, 160, 259, 269.
Butterwort, insectivorous, 325; diges tion of, 325.
Cabbage, origin of, 111.
California, gigantic trees of, 207, see Se- quoia; general characteristics of flora of, 208, 218; unlike that of the Atlantic coast, 217.
Canby, observations of, on sundew, 293, 300, 322; on Sarracenia, 330. Catastrophes in geology, 120.
Cattle, origin of breeds of, 111; increase of, in South America, 89, 117; exist- ence sometimes dependent on insects,
Cauliflower, origin of, 111.
Caulophyllum, and relatives, dispersion of, 222.
Cause, efficient, three theistic views of, 158-168.
Cedar, species of, 188.
Chair, classification of, 167.
Chance, not admissible, 42, 55, 59, 68, 76-84, 147, 153, 168, 170, 235.
China, relation of flora of, to that of North America, 214 89.
Classification, difference of opinion upon, 34; expresses judgments, not facts, 35, 122, 184, 203, 289; expresses only the coarser gradations, 126, 142; see Species, and Gradation. Climate, as affecting the numbers of a species, 40; acts indirectly, 41; of the north in early periods, 114, 224. Climbing-plants, 331-337; feel as well as grow, 332; comparative advantage of their habits, 334; cause of motion, 336. Cobbe, Frances Power, on the relation of God to the Universe, 234. Cohn, Prof., on Utricularia, 324. Complexity of Nature, 41. Competition sharpest between allied species, 42.
Condor, rate of increase, 39.
bypothesis based on, 52, 54, 76, 84, 86; mingled with design, 274. Continuity of Nature, 123, 190, 234, 258, 273, 289, 323, 381, 879.
Creation, three views of, theistic, 158, $57.
Cretaceous flora, relation of, to present flora, 233.
Cross-breeding, essential to longevity
and vigor of species, 33, 346, 354. Curtis, Rev. Dr., M. A., his account of Dionæa, 293.
Cuvier, on the part animals have to play in nature, 356.
Cypress, the bald, relation of, to Sequoia, 213, 225, 230.
Darwin, Charles, standing as a naturalist, 133, 283 sq., 287, 297; how his view of species differs from the ordinary views, 13, 16; how from Agassiz's view, 16, 117, 129; summary of arguments, 36, 109-116; his distinctive work, 37, 61, 273, 308-309, 327, 337; where his argu- ment weakest, 47, 169; where strong- est, 121; his candor, 169, 286; harmo- nizes teleology and morphology, 52 121, 234, 247, 288, 322, 837, 357, 875; does not deny creative intervention, 61, 93, 143, 149; does not sneer at the doctrine of design, 139, 140; never de- pended exclusively on natural selec- tion, 104; view of instinct, 173; no atheistical intent, 258, 268-270, 274; experiments with Dionra, 294, 321. Darwinism, still an hypothesis, 53 sq., 119, 128, 135, 179, 274; compatible with atheism, but not inconsistent with theism, 54, 130, 159, 258, 279, 379; more compatible with theism than the the- ory of gravitation, 55, 235; relation to teleology, 57, 84-86, 121, 145, 151-152, 176, 234, 247, 258, 271, 272, 288, 337, 357; premonitions of, 88, 94, 238; re- lations to Lyell's geological theorles, 103, 109, 110; objections to, 168-177; argument for, from the distribution of the species of the oak, 190; as stated by Wallace, 191; present attitude of naturalists to, 234, 236-251, 279; im- plications of, regarding the indefinite vitality of species, 348.
Darwinian Teleology, accounts for abor- tive and useless organs, 371; for the apparent waste of Nature, 376, 377; for imperfections and failures, 378. Dawson, on derivation of species, 236, 246.
De Candolle, Alph., on the oak, 178; definition of species, 201, 202; deriva- tion of species, 186, 200, 236, 239; on multiple origin of species, 191, 239. De Candolle, conception of the struggle for existence, 37.
Des Hayes, on gradation of species in the tertiary period, 49, 110. Design versus Necessity, 62-86; distin- guished from purpose, 358, 359; how proved, 70-76, 84, 150-152, 168, 301, 362, 365, 371; natural selection a substitute for it, 69; can never be de- monstrated, 70, 365; method of proof illustrated by pump, 71; by boome- rang, 72; by movement of billiard balls, 62-64, 69-74, 77; by the eye, 79–84; by machinery, 85, 278; may act through variation and natural selec- tion, 148, 247, 272, 275, 288; evidence of, complete in the individual, 151, 364, 366; all Nature a manifested design, 152, 153, 176, 274, 337, 379; manifest in insectivorous plants, 300, 301, 314, 322; in climbing plants, 335, 336; consistent with three views of efficient cause, 158 ff, 272; not disproved by negative in- stances, 369, 370, 380.
Dionæa, account of, 291-295, 320; digests animal food, C19, 321.
Diseases, contagious, relation of, to nat- ural selection, 241.
Divergence, how produced by natural selection, 91.
"Division of labor " in the organic world, 43, 91.
Dogs, of diverse origin, 27. Domestication, effect of, upon variation, 26, 29, 32, 184, 889, 340. D'Orbigny, on destruction of species, 120. Drosera, 291, 295-301, 810; sensitiveness of, 312, 317.
Dubuque, address of Professor Gray at, 205.
Effect, as result of complex canses, 62-86. Elephant, possible rapidity of increase, 38; Falconer on, 193-196. Embryology, 118.
Equilibrium of natural forces, 41, 42. Evolution and theology, 252-265. Evolutionary hypotheses should be the- istic, 176, 199, 279, 381, 889, 390. Evolutionary teleology, article on, 359- 390.
Extinction of species, not by cataclysms,
Eye, formation of, 59, 60; illustrating design, 79-84.
Falconer, on the affinity of the mammoth with the elephant, and the bearing of the facts on Darwinism, 193-196. Fertilization of plants, contrivances for, 846, 375-377.
Final causes, see Teleology.
Flounder, see Pleuronecta. Flower, Prof., on the derivative hy- pothesis, 236, 243.
Fly-trap, see Dionæs.
Forbes, Edward, on the dispersion of species, 191.
Fulmar petrel, the remarkable increase of, 39.
Gaston de Saporta, Count, on the origin of tertiary species, 197, 193.
Genealogical tree, 17.
Herschel, Sir John, on the relation of God to Nature, 275.
Hilaire, Geoffroy St.-, opposition of, to teleology, 356.
Hooker, Dr. J. D., on Nepenthes and Sarracenia, 381.
Genesis, the account of creation in, 131, Hume, on proof of design in Nature, 363. 261, 265.
Genus, difficult to define, 184, 204. Geology, incompleteness of record, 48, 169, 263.
Ginseng, common to America and North- ern Asia, 222.
Glacial period, as accounting for the dis- tribution of species, 114, 115, 224; effect of, on mammoth and elephant, 193-196. Glyptostrobus of China, relation to Se- quoia, 214, 225, 230.
God, relation of, to Nature, 54, 5S, 144- 168, 199, 234, 257, 275; to the universe, 59; his presence required in a long process of adaptation as well as in a short one, 60, 149 sq., 234, 256; imma- nence in Nature, 61, 159; his thoughts eternal, yet manifested in succession, 167; veracity of, in the works of Na- ture, 371.
Goeppert on the antiquity of Taxodium distichum and other plants, 228. Gradation, from tertiary species down- ward, 34, 101, 114, 115, 200; extent of, in fossils of consecutive formations, 48; between the tertiary and the present, 49, 110, 112; principle of, in organic Nature, 128, 129; between plants and animals, 124, 289, 808, 309, 323; ungu- lata, 243; towards individuality, 125; coarser in systems of classification than in Nature, 126, 142, 184, 289; in climb- ing plants, 335; in insectivorous plants, 327; of, in the species of oak, 180, 203; between the cretaceous and tertiary formations, 197.
Grady, Mr. B. F., on lure in Sarrace- nia, 303, 305.
Greenland, fossil plants of, 231.
Grafting, effect on longevity of a species, 341 ff.
Grisebach, Prof., on geographical distri- bution of species, 229.
Hayden, on fossil Sequoia in the Rocky Mountains, 228.
Henslow, Rev. George, on evolution and theology, 252, 256.
Heer, on origin of species, 192; on the antiquity of Taxodium and other spe- cies, 227 89.
Hobbes, theory of society, 87, 89. Hodge, Dr. Charles, on evolution and theology, 253, 257-261; on Darwinism, 269-283.
Horses, increase of, in South America, 89, 117; a former species existed in South America, 118.
Hybrids, 50; how to test sterility, 51; sterility of, 175.
Hypothesis, domain of, 108, 119, 131, 132, 250, 259,260.
Increase, rate of, in elephants, 38; among
cattle and horses in South America, 39, 117, 118; causes affecting, 40. Individuality, attained gradually, 125, 343; not fully attained by plants, 344. Inductive science, domain of, 14, 95; limitation of, 47; process of, 23, 70 8q., 98, 101, 107, 108, 112, 201, 202, 244, 250; Darwin's method conformable to, 37, 103, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119, 122, 244, 260; postulates the veracity of Nature, 371.
Inheritance, more mysterious than non- inheritance, 29; the only known cause of likeness in living species, 227. Insects, agency of, in fertilization, 287. Insectivorous plants, 289-308; and climb- ing, 308, 337.
Instinct of animals, 171; of the Talegal, 171.
Intelligence of the higher animals, 172–
Intention, see Design.
Interbreeding, when close, diminishes vigor and fertility, 32, 287.
Ivy, Poison (Rhus Toxicodendron), common to America and Japan, 221.
Jackson's "Philosophy of Natural The- ology," 363.
Japan, relation of flora to that of North America, 215 8q.; Grisebach on, 226. Jussieu, A. L., definition of species, 163, 201.
Kingsley, Rev. Charles, on "Evolution and Theology," 299, 282.
Knight, Andrew, on effect of budding, 341-343.
Kohlrabi, origin of, 111.
Lamarck, his theory of transmutation, 23, 52, 171.
Le Conte, Prof. Joseph, on religion and science, 252, 262.
Leibnitz charges Newton with subvert- ing natural theology, 187, 258. Lesquereux, on fossil Sequoia, 229, 232; on the relation of present flora to that of the cretaceous age, 238. Libocedrus, distribution of, 230.
Lindley, on the persistence of varieties, 338.
Linnæus, definition of species, 12, 201; diagnosis of the three kingdoms of Nature, 308.
Lyell, Sir Charles, on the imperfection of the geological record, 48; on gra- dation of species in later formations, 49, 110; theory of geological changes, 103, 109; acceptance of Darwinism, 238.
Macbride, Dr. James, observations on Sarracenia, 304.
Machinery, does not dispense with de- sign, 85.
Malthus, on struggle for existence, 37, 89. Mammoth, Falconer on, 193–196. Man, separation of, from the quadru- mana, 50; mental power of, not necessarily acquired, 59; may be an exception to the rule, 92, 93, 256; unity of origin, 99, 176; antiquity of, 100.
Materialism, philosophy of, rejected, 126, 158, 174; note, 176, 235, 250.
Mellichamp, Dr., on pitcher plants, 329. Mill, J. S., on creation by intelligence, 361, 374.
Morphology, 52, 121, 122; reconciled with teleology, 121, 288. Mysteries, of natural operations, 53, 158, 317, 318, 327; of Providence and Na- ture the same, 153; in the action of sundew, 312, 317; in similarity of off- spring to parents, 383; proper to be inquired into, 390.
Nature, definition of, 61, 160, 259, 269, 389; theistic views of, 158-168, 249, 257, 390; see Continuity of; veracity of, 370.
Natural history, province of, 209, 260, 268.
Natural selection, 34, 89; method of op- eration, 44; a very expansive prin- ciple, 273; supposed recent illustra- tions of its effect, 45; still an hypoth- esis, 54, 135, 274; not inconsistent with natural theology, 87 89., 187 89., 255, 272, 386; how it produces divergence, 43, 91; not disproved by special mirac- ulous exceptions, 93; not the exclusive cause of modification, 104, 195, 337, 386; extent of operation, 104-109, 273; not to be confounded with variation, 195. Natural theology unshaken by physical science, 22, 53, 84, 89, 95, 137, 150, 151, 152, 259, 337.
Naudin, Charles, views regarding the evolution of species, 349 8q. Nectarine, origin of, 111.
Necessity versus design, 62-86; how re- lated to Darwinism, 69, 75.
Nettle-sting, an example of the natural production of a complex organ, 387. Newberry, on the antiquity of Sequoia, 230, 232.
Newton, Sir Isaac, charged with sub- verting natural theology, 137, 259. North America, botany of, 206; former climate of, 224; birds of, 244. Novelties, difficult to accept, 87, 103, 247.
Oak, De Candolle on, 178, 203; Linnæus on, 187; as illustrating the origin of species, 179; a waning genus, 186; dispersion of species, 188; in the Ter- tiary deposits, 189; waste of pollen in, 388.
Objections to Darwinism, philosophical, 135; absence of close gradation, 47, 63; distance of man from quadru- mana, 50; hybridism, 50, 51; special- ization of organs, 52; novelty, 87, 103,
Optimism, absurdity of, 141. Orchids, fertilization of, 287. Ostrich, increase of, 39.
Owen, Prof., evolutionary tendencies of, 68, 102 (134, 136?) 238.
Paley, on teleology, 52, 57, Pantheism, 55, 58.
Paraguay, relation of insects to cattle in, 41.
Parsimony, law of, 360 (see Continuity of Nature).
Peach, origin of, 111. Perfection, relative, 141. Phyllotaxis, law of, 196.
Pictet on Darwinism, 105, 108, 109, 112, 127; on geological time, 162.
Pigeon, known extent of variation, 27; why chosen for experiments, 28; re- version of, 31.
Pinguicula, insectivorous, 325. Pitcher Plant, see Sarracenia. Plants, insectivorous and climbing, 289– 308, 308-337.
Pleuronecta, facts concerning, 372, 383. Presumption against novelties, 87, 131, 132.
Probability, how far a guide, 47, 107, 260; an element in scriptural interpreta- tion, 260.
Progress in the succession of organic beings, 115 sq., 118. Providence, mysteries of, compared with those of Nature, 58, 142, 177; Lord Bacon's view of, 144.
Pump, as illustrating the proof of de- sign, 71.
Purpose, see Design; distinguished from design, 359.
Rape, or Colza, origin of, 111.
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